Echo Basics

Question 1

Adult transthoracic echo transducers range from ____ MHz

Answer 1

2 to 5 MHz

Question 2

Echo uses a _____ transducer

Answer 2

Phased array

Question 3

Phased array transducer has a ____ footprint, ______ field

Answer 3

Small
Wide

Question 4

___ of the heart lies to the left of the sternum

Answer 4

2/3

Question 5

Why would someone get an echocardiogram

Answer 5

Ischemic heart disease (heart attack)
Valvular disease
Congestive heart failure
Pericardial disease
Functional capacity
Other (congenital heart defects)

Question 6

Pericardium layers

Answer 6

Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium

Question 7

Fibrous pericardium

Answer 7

Outermost layer
Prevents over distension of the heart

Question 8

Serous pericardium (what/contains)

Answer 8

2 layers between which has 20-50 ml of fluid

Parietal layer
Visceral layer (epicardium)

Question 9

Heart muscle layers

Answer 9

Endocardium:thin layer between blood and myocardium
Myocardium -thickest with striated fibers
epicardium-outside edge of myocardium (AKA visceral serous pericardium)

Question 10

RV has about ___ the pressure of the LV

Answer 10

1/4

Question 11

When ____ ions enter a cardiac cell (myocyte) the cell becomes ____ which leads to ____

Answer 11

Positive
Depolarized
Contraction

Question 12

Myocytes at rest are ___ ( ___ charge)

Answer 12

Polarized
Negative

Question 13

Cycle of cardiac innervation

Answer 13

SA node
Intermodal tracts
AV node
Bundle of His
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibres

Question 14

Basic ECG waves

Answer 14

P wave
QRS complex
T wave

Question 15

P wave (what, leads to, when, size)

Answer 15

Atrial depolarization
Leads to atrial contraction
Late diastole
Just before QRS
Should be smaller than T wave

Question 16

QRS complex (what, leads to, when, size)

Answer 16

Ventricular depolarization
Leads to ventricular contraction
Early systole
Should come to a highpoint
Should be much taller than T wave

Question 17

T wave (what, leads to, when, size)

Answer 17

Ventricular repolarization
Leads to ventricular relaxation
Late systole
After QRS complex
Should be taller than P wave but hotter than QRS complex

Question 18

____ is the most reflective structure and appears almost white

Answer 18

Pericardium

Question 19

______ is a medium gray and homogenous in echotexture

Answer 19

Myocardium

Question 20

For subcostal views of heart what is patient position

Answer 20

Supine with knee flexed

Question 21

Four routine positions on the chest wall

Answer 21

Parasternal
Apical
Subcostal (under xiphoid)
Suprasternal (suprasternal notch)

Question 22

Apical 4/5 chamber views points to where on clock

Answer 22

3:00 (2-3)

Question 23

Apical 2 chamber points where on clock

Answer 23

1:00

Question 24

Apical 3 chamber points where on clock

Answer 24

11:00

Question 25

Struggling to get LA in image for apical four chamber where should you move

Answer 25

Rotate slightly counterclockwise

Question 26

Apical view has focus where

Answer 26

Mid depth

Question 27

LV is too far right on apical 4 means to move if too far left

Answer 27

Lateral (marker side) medial

Question 28

Apical 5 chamber is same A4C but beam angled

Answer 28

Anteriorly

Question 29

Apical 3 vs 2

Answer 29

3 shows AV/AO While 2 only shows LV/MV/LA