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Echo final > Echo final review > Flashcards

Echo final review Flashcards

1
Q

The right heart is associated with the __________ and the left heart is associated with the ___________.

A

pulmonary circulatory system / systemic circulatory system

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2
Q

Of the three germ layers that give rise to all adult tissues and organs, which gives rise to the heart?

A

mesoderm

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3
Q

The two tubes that eventually fuse to form the heart are referred to as the ________.

A

endocardial tubes

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4
Q

Blood normally flows from the left ventricle to the

A

aorta

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5
Q

The pulmonary trunk and aorta are derived from which primitive heart structure?

A

truncus arteriosus

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6
Q

The earliest organ to form and begin function within the developing human is the ________.

A

heart

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7
Q

The forceful contraction of the cardiac chambers is ________, and the relaxed phase of the cycle is ________.

A

systole; diastole

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8
Q

The inferior vena cava is guarded by a fold of tissue called the _____ valve, whereas the coronary sinus is guarded by the _____ valve.

A

eustachian; thebesian

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9
Q

The most posterior chamber to the left of the sternum is the

A

left atrium

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10
Q

The point at which the four cardiac chambers meet at the back of the heart forms a cross-shaped area is called

A

crux

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11
Q

In the __________ view the tricuspid valve insertion is seen closer to the _________ than is the mitral valve insertion.

A

Apical Four Chamber, apex

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12
Q

The brightest returning echo signal in the heart is from the

A

Pericardium

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13
Q

The tricuspid valve opens when

A

right ventricle pressure drops below the right atrial pressure

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14
Q

The semilunar valve that has right coronary, left coronary and noncoronary cusps is the

A

Aortic

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15
Q

The pericardial sac protects the heart against

A

Friction

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16
Q

Which primitive area of the heart will give rise to the right ventricle

A

bulbus cordis

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17
Q

The outflow tract of the right ventricle also is called the

A

infundibulum

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17
Q

The wall of the aorta bulges slightly at each semilunar cusp to form the

A

sinus of Valsalva

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18
Q

The greatest muscle mass in the heart is found in the

A

LV

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19
Q

The right and left coronary arteries arise from the

A

ascending aorta

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20
Q

The anterior walls and appendages of the atria are made up of projecting muscle bundles that run parallel to one another – these are known as _______

A

pectinate muscles

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21
Q

________________ follows the anterior interventricular groove down to the apex. It typically supplies 45-55% of the LV and is therefore considered the most critical vessel in terms of myocardial blood supply.

A

Left anterior descending artery (LAD)

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22
Q

An embryonic remnant, present in about 2-3% of the population. Lies close to IVC in the RA. Appears as a web-like structure with thread like pieces. Characterized by a whip-like motion within the RA

A

Chiari Network

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23
Q

When the ventricular pressure exceeds the pressure in the atria these valves close preventing the flow of blood from the ventricles into the atria

A

mitral and tricuspid

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24
Q

What chamber of the heart lies most anterior

A

RV

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25
Q

The oxygen saturation in the __________ is the lowest in the body

A

coronary sinus

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26
Q

The moderator band may be visualized traversing the apex of the __________:

A

RV

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27
Q

The visceral layer of the serous pericardium covers the myocardium and is also known as the ____________

A

epicardium

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28
Q

The leaflets of the tricuspid valve which are seen in the right ventricular inflow (RVIT) view are the_________

A

anterior and posterior

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29
Q

The best window to record images and Doppler signals from the arch of the aorta is

A

suprasternal

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29
Q

The right ventricle pumps blood to the__________ . The left ventricle pumps blood to the ______________.

A

pulmonary circulation (the lungs); systemic circulation (the head, thorax, abdomen, and extremities).

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30
Q

From the Apical four-chamber view, the transducer is _________________ to obtain the two-chamber view consisting of the LV, MV and LA.

A

rotated counterclockwise about 90 degrees

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31
Q

Pedoff probe is a type of PW probe. T/F

A

False

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32
Q

While performing CW Doppler across the aortic valve peak velocity should not exceed:

A

1.7 m/s

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33
Q

Two-dimensional images are best obtained when the ultrasound beam is directed _____ to the structure of interest. Doppler signals are best obtained when the ultrasound beam is directed _____ to the flow of blood.

A

perpendicular; parallel

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34
Q

The PW Doppler signal derived from the mitral valve blood flow is best detected in the

A

apical four chamber view

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35
Q

The greatest advantage of CW Doppler is its ability to accurately measure very high velocities. T/F

A

True

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36
Q

A sample of CW Doppler of aortic valve is best taken from the apical two chamber view. T/F

A

True

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37
Q

While performing CW Doppler across the mitral valve peak velocity should not exceed

A

1.3 m/s

38
Q

A normal LV Ejection fraction ranges from

A

53% to 75%

39
Q

On the LV M-Mode tracing the arrow is pointing to _________

A

left ventricular internal dimension (end diastole)

40
Q

It is important to place the ultrasound M-mode cursor perpendicular to the structures of interest. T/F

A

True

41
Q

Normal measurement for the left ventricular internal diameter in diastole (LVIDd) according to the ASE is

A

5.7 cm

42
Q

________ view is used to measure LVOT diameter during _________

A

PLAX, mid systole

43
Q

The difference between end-diastolic volume (EDV) and end-systolic volumes (ESV) is termed ______

A

stroke volume

44
Q

The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute

A

Cardiac output

45
Q

Because it is difficult to properly align the M-mode cursor, many measurements are now made with _________ instead of on M-mode.

A

2D imaging

46
Q

In ___________, the atria and ventricles are out of synch because the atria contract very quickly and irregularly.

A

atrial fibrillation

47
Q

____________ is the fraction of the end-diastolic volume that is ejected with each beat.

A

Ejection fraction

48
Q

Measurements should be made using the leading edge to leading edge method of measurement. T/F

A

True

49
Q

An EF of less than 35% increases the risk of life-threatening irregular heartbeats that can cause sudden cardiac arrest. An implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) may be recommended for these patients. T/F

A

True

50
Q

The normal measurement suggested for the diameter of the aortic root in end diastole is up to _______.

A

3.7 cm

51
Q

M-mode evaluation of the aortic valve, mitral valve and left ventricle can be done from _______ or _________ representative views.

A

PLAX, PSAX

52
Q

What does the “E” point represent on an M-mode of the mitral valve?

A

end of rapid filling phase

53
Q

In adults and adolescents, the cavity and wall thickness measurements of the left ventricle should be taken at the level of the ____________

A

chordae tendinae

54
Q

The correct equation for fractional shortening is

A

LVIDd - LVIDs/ LVIDd x 100

55
Q

It is very important when imaging the left ventricle to have the ultrasound beam transect the walls at a ______ degree angle

A

90

56
Q

An EF of less than 40% may confirm a diagnosis of

A

heart failure

57
Q

The amount of resistance that must be overcome by the left ventricle during systole is called

A

afterload

58
Q

____________occurs when there is an obstruction within the atrial electrical conduction system, discharge of an ectopic focus for atrial depolarization, only occasional stimulus will penetrate AV node. EKG will show a Saw-tooth pattern.

A

atrial flutter

59
Q

Which of the following is the correct sequence of cardiac electrical activity?

  1. AV node
  2. Bundle of His
  3. SA node
  4. Purkinje fibers
  5. Bundle branches
A

3,1,2,5,4

60
Q

The more the myocardium is stretched, the more forceful the contraction

A

The Frank Starling Law

61
Q

MV closure is followed by ________ during which all valves are closed and the cardiac muscle depolarizes and starts contracting. LV pressure rises rapidly BUT ventricular volume stays the same (shape changes).

A

isovolumic contraction

62
Q

The normal pacemaker site of the heart is the

A

SA node

63
Q

__________ is the ability of the cardiac muscle cells to initiate an electrical impulse without being stimulated by a nerve or other source.

A

automaticity

64
Q

The 2nd heart sound, S2 (dub) is related to

A

closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves

65
Q

On an EKG, ventricular depolarization is represented by the

A

QRS complex

66
Q

3 main factors that effect stroke volume include all of the following EXCEPT

A

Isovolumic relaxation time

67
Q

________ analyzes how long it takes an impulse to travel from SA node through the internodal pathways from start of atrial depolarization to start of ventricular depolarization.

A

P-R Interval (PRI)

68
Q

Cardiac muscles cells ability to initiate an electrical impluse without being stimulated by a nerve or other source is called

A

automaticity

69
Q

___________ is a chaotic rhythm in which there are multiple areas exhibiting varying degrees of depolarization and repolarization and an absence of R-waves

A

Ventricular fibrillation

70
Q

“Lub” represents the closing of __________________ during ventricular ___________

A

atrioventricular valves, systole

71
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation can speed up the conductivity of the impulse. It increases the rate and force of contractions. T/F

A

False

72
Q

Approximately 50% of patients become unconscious from this abnormal cardiac rhythm

A

ventricular tachycardia

73
Q

The ability of cardiac cells to receive an electrical impulse and transmit it to an adjacent cardiac cell is called

A

conductivity

74
Q

Failure of the valve to seal properly (valve may be torn, perforated, affected by rheumatic fever or a failing heart may be enlarged) is called

A

incompetence

75
Q

_________________ is a disorder of the heart where blood leaks back from the LV into the LA (through the MV) during systole.

A

Mitral regurgitation

76
Q

Vegetations are always found on the _____ side of the valve, so in case of mitral regurgitation caused by vegetations, they are seen on the _____ side of the valve.

A

low pressure/atrial

77
Q

Which of the following is associated with severe, acute mitral regurgitation?

A

pulmonary edema

78
Q

____________ is still responsible for most of the acquired valvular heart disease in childhood.

A

Rheumatic fever

79
Q

The most common cause of mitral regurgitation in elderly patients is

A

calcified mitral annulus

80
Q

The smallest vegetation visible echocardiographically measures to be ________

A

2 mm

81
Q

The posteromedial papillary muscle has a single blood supply from the RCA and is therefore more likely to become ischemic. T/F

A

True

82
Q

A mid or late systolic click with or without a systolic murmur is associated with

A

mitral valve prolapse

83
Q

What is considered to be an enlarged LA

A

> 6.0 cm

84
Q

Mitral regurgitation happens during diastole. T/F

A

False

85
Q

With severe MR, you will see all of these things EXCEPT

A

vena contracta that measures 0.4 cm

86
Q

EROA =

A

2πr2 x Nyquist Limit/ V max

87
Q

VTI =

A

stroke distance, stroke distance (cm), Stroke distance, Stroke Distance, RVol/EROA

88
Q

Always shift the Nyquist limit towards the regurgitant flow. T/F

A

True

89
Q

Continuity Equation =

A

A1 x V1 = A2 x V2, A1xV1 = A2xV2, A1xV1=A2xV2

90
Q

Which vena contracta value is consist with severe mitral regurgitation?

A

> 0.7 cm

91
Q

The most common cause of mitral stenosis is rheumatic fever. T/F

A

True

92
Q

According to planimetry, moderate MS measures

A

1.0-1.5 cm2

93
Q

The higher the pressure half time the smaller the mitral valve area.

A

True

94
Q
A

Echo final (1 decks)

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