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CARDIOLOGY > Echocardiography > Flashcards

Echocardiography Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

Parasternal view

A

The walls close to the thoracic walls is the RV

the most distal is the posterior wall

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2
Q

Parasternal long axis view

A

examine IVS

we can identify left ventricular hypertrophy

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3
Q

max thickness of IVS

A

10 mm

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4
Q

IVS > 11 mm

A

left ventricular hypertrophy

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5
Q

IVS we can measure the thickness of the

A

Posterior wall by comparing thickeness of IVS + thickness of posterior wall we can determine if it is concentric or eccentric hypertrophy
we can see asymmetrical hypertrophy

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6
Q

Measure diameter of left atrium

A
  • left atrial dilatation
    more accurate measurement of LA dimensions - LA volume measure of four chamber apical view
  • Measure diameter of aortic annulus , aortic trude aortic valsava , ascending aorta
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7
Q

M mode

A

structures of the heart illustrated during axis of time

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8
Q

the 1st chamber encountered by the M mode line is

A

Right ventricle

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9
Q

the 2nd chamber encountered by the M mode line is

A

IVS - you can see in systole

diastole : relaxation of IVS

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10
Q

Doppler

A

flow through the chambers of the heart

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11
Q

flow from

A

mitral valve to the left atrium

high velocity - > turbulent flow

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12
Q

Mitral regurgitation is systolic the flow __

A

in the left ventricular outflow tract appear during diastole

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13
Q

the flow in LVAD

A

aortic regurgitation

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14
Q

Parasternal short axis view

A

Mitral valve

Middle of the ventricle and to the apical view of the left ventricle

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15
Q

1st short axis view

A

At the base of the heart

Great vessels of the heart

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16
Q

Short axis view

Center of the image

A

Short axis view of the aortix valve with three leaflets

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17
Q

Short axis view

Center of the image

A

Short axis view of the aortic valve with three leaflets

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18
Q

1st image of short view

A

left ventricle and mitral valve

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19
Q

short axis view of the left ventricle

A

circular shape

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20
Q

short axis view of right ventricle

A

semilunar shape which embraces the left ventricle

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21
Q

The first of the apical views

Study These Flashcards
A

Apical four chamber view
very good to examine the tricuspid valve
mitral valve

22
Q

The right ventricle has __ walls than the left ventricle

23
Q

2 chamber apical view

Study These Flashcards
A

left atrium and

left ventricle : inferior + anterior wall

24
Q

transthoracic echocardiography we cant see the

Study These Flashcards
A

left atrial appendage

( because very posterior structure ? )

25
Assesment of left atrial appendage
is the structure of the left atrium which is very important from clinical point of view because this is the place that maybe thrombi may be formed - We use transesophageal echocardiography : for structures more posteriorly located like atria + left atrial appendage
26
Apical 3 chamber view
Left ventricle : posterior + anterior septum left atrium right ventricle
27
causes of systolic dysfunction
Coronary heart disease : MI
28
causes of systolic dysfunction
Coronary heart disease : MI hypokinetic anterior wall normal kinetic inferior wall
29
Suprasternal view
Aortic arch | Supra-aortic arteries
30
Subcostal view
Inferior vena cava and we always measure its diameter. That's because if it is dialted then the right ventricular pressure is high
31
we use the apical 4 chamber view + 2 chamber view in order to assess the
LV global systolic function parameter : ejection fraction The fraction of blood that is ejected during systole during the contraction
32
Ejection fraction
is a ratio b/w the stroke volume and diastolic volume. | In order to calculate the stroke volume we will have to know the end diastolic volume and end systolic volume
33
how we calculate the ejection fraction in practice
we contour the endocardial border of the LV both in apical 4 chamber view + 2 chamber view both in diastole and systole
34
Doppler echocardiography
Blue color - mitral regurgitation - mitral valve is closed Blue because the direction of the flow is from the probe to the distal part of the image Red color - the mitral valve is open - during diastole - blood from the LA to the LV- blood flow from the left atrium to the probe
35
Colour echocardiography -> | Spectral Doppler ->
1. Qualitative examination of flow | 2. We can assess the velocity of the flow through the heart valves which is very important from practical point of view
36
if we know the velocity of the flow then we can calculate the pressure difference from 2 cavities
Taking for example tricuspid regurgitation. If we have high pressure gradient b/w the RV and the RA that means that the velocity of the tricuspid regurgitation will be higher. We have Bernoulli eq that translates velocities into pressure.Gradient of pressure equals four more than the described velocities. ΔP = 4V2-> P(VD)= 4V2 + P(AD)
37
With echocardiography we can measure noninvasively the pressure in
the pulmonary artery . We can diagnose pulmonary hypertension by applying Bernoulli eq-> the difference of the pressure b/w the RV and the RA is proportional with the velocity.
38
Right ventricular contraction
- Longitudinal contraction TAPSE ( Tricuspid Annulus PLan Systolic Excursion ) N>15 mm
39
CV Magnetic Resonance
Doesnt rely on the ultrasounds ( we dont need good acoustic window). It uses physical properties of the tissues + the amount of water in the tissues respectively in order to image the heart structures.
40
CV Magnetic Resonance is the gold standard for measuring the
LV wall thickness + LV volume and ejection fraction | + RV volume + ejection fraction??
41
In 2D transthoracic echocardiography
we cant measure the RV | ejection fraction ,we use a surrogate parameter (?)
42
Contrast CV Magnetic Resonance ( CMR)
Based on Gadolinium -> a contrast which accumulates in the extracellular space in the interstitium .It doesnt enter the cell , if the membrane of the cell is intact .
43
In cases of scar tissue Gadolinium accumulates in the
Extracellular space because scar tissue is hypocellular tissue . Myocardial scars ->Myocardial Fibrosis : a consequence of MI or Myocarditis or simplified fibrosis
44
Subepicardial scar specific to
Myocarditis
45
By CMR we able to differentiate b/w
Myocarditis + MI
46
with CMR we can also see
LV thrombus ( apex of the LV ?)
47
CMR gold standard for
Endocarditis
48
CMR in comparison with echochardiography give us the opportunity for
Tissue characterisation. We can see what's inside the tissue.Helpful to see : - Myocardial scar - Myocardial edema
49
CMR is called
noninvasive myocardial biopsie
50
Echocardiography | MRI
we assess: 1. Dimension and function 2. Dimension + function + tissue characterisation

CARDIOLOGY (19 decks)

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