ECO Block 1 Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
Electronic Combat (EC)
A
Action taken in support of military operations against the enemy’s EM capabilities
2
Q
What are the 3 branches of EC
A
EW, C4CM , SEAD
3
Q
What is C4CM
A
the integrated use of OPSEC, military deception, jamming and physical destruction supported by intel, to deny information to, influence, degrade or destroy adversary C4 capabilities and protect friendly c4 against such actions
4
Q
What is SEAD
A
activity that neutralizes, destroys or temporarily degrades enemy air defense systems in a specific area through physical attack and/or used of EW enabling air ops to be successfully conducted
5
Q
What is Electronic Warfare (EW)
A
Any military action involving the use of electromagnetic or directed energy to control the EM spectrum or to attack the enemy.
6
Q
What are the 3 branches of EW
A
EA, EP and ES
7
Q
EA
A
Division of electronic warfare involving the use of EM or directed energy to attack prsnl, facilities or equipment with the intent of degrading, neutralizing or destroying enemy combat capability
involves actions taken to prevent or reduce enemys effective use of EM spectrum primarily through jamming and deception
8
Q
EP
A
division of EW involving actions to protect prsnl, facilities and equipment from the effects of friendly or enemy employment of EW that degrade, neutralize or destroy friendly combat capability
Focuses on protection of friendly forces against enemy employment of EW and against any undesired effects of our own friendly employment of EW.
9
Q
ES
A
division of EW involving actions tasked by, or under direct control of, an operational commander to search for, intercept, identify and locate sources of intentionally and unintentionally radiated EM energy for the purpose of immediate threat recognition.
Provides direct support only
10
Q
ELF
A
300 Hz - 3 kHz
11
Q
VLF
A
3 - 30 kHz
12
Q
LF
A
30 - 300 kHz
13
Q
MF
A
300 kHz - 3 MHz
14
Q
VHF
A
30 - 300 MHz
15
Q
UHF
A
300 MHz - 3 GHz
16
Q
SHF
A
3 - 30 GHz
17
Q
EHF
A
30 - 300 GHz
18
Q
Describe Band A
A
0-250 MHz / 25 MHz width
19
Q
Describe Band B
A
250-500 MHz/ 25 MHz width
20
Q
Describe Band C
A
500-1000 MHz / 50 MHz width
21
Q
Describe Band D
A
1000-2000 MHz/ 100 MHz width
22
Q
Describe Band E
A
2000-3000 MHz/ 100 MHz width
23
Q
Describe Band F
A
3000-4000 MHz/ 100 MHz width
24
Q
Describe Band G
A
4000-6000 Mhz/ 200 MHz width
25
Describe Band H
6000-8000 MHz/ 200 MHz width
26
Describe Band I
8000-10000 MHz/ 200 MHz width
27
Describe Band J
10000-20000 MHz/ 1000 MHz width
28
Describe Band K
20000-40000 MHz/ 2000 MHz width
29
Describe Band L
40000-60000 MHz/ 2000 MHz width
30
Describe Band M
60000-100000 MHz/ 4000 MHz width
31
Speed
Rate that a radio wave carries energy through space
32
Direction
Axis of movement perpendicular to the direction of both the E and B fields
33
Polarization
The orientation of the wave's electrical field
34
Frequency
The number of cycles or repetitions of a sine wave that occur each second
35
Period
Time it takes for EM energy to complete one cycle
36
Phase
Point on the waveform measured in degrees through which the wave is passing
37
Wavelength
The distance between two points having a corresponding phase in two consecutive cycles of a sign wave
38
Directivity
The ratio of the radiation intensity in the desired direction to that of an omni-directional source
39
Attenuation
The decreasing (directly related to distance traveled) of the intensity fields of EM energy as it propagates through free space
40
Absorption
The dissipation of propagated energy as it passed through the layers of the atmosphere and interacts with the moistRure and various gases
41
Scattering
The effect of breaking up the radio wave due to particles suspended in the atmosphere
42
Diffraction
The bending of EM energy around an object or a barrier
43
Reflection
The bouncing of EM energy off an object that has a density different than that of the propagating medium
44
Refraction
The change in direction and velocity of a propagating wave front due to its passing from a medium of one density into a medium of a differing density
45
Ducting
The trapping of EM waves between atmospheric layers of differing temperature and humidity
46
Ground Wave / dominant effect
30 kHz to 300 kHz / diffraction
47
Indirect Wave (sky wave) / dominant effect
300 kHz to 30 MHz / refraction
48
Direct Wave / dominant effect
Above 30 MHz / attenuation
49
Doppler Effect
The change in received frequency of a signal due to relative motion between the transmitter and receiver
50
TERA/GIGA/MEGA/KILO / deci/centi/milli/micro/nano
10^ : 12/ 9 / 6 / 3 / -1 / -2 / -3 / -6 / -9
51
Which parameter is changed to affect the pitch of a carrier wave
Frequency
52
Which parameter is changed to affect the tone a carrier wave
Amplitude or loudness
53
Allowing the instantaneous carrier amplitude to be controlled by the characteristics of the modulating signal is what
AM
54
When the modulating signal is applied in the AM process, what are the new frequencies generated called
Sidebands
55
If the carrier wave is modulated with more than one audio frequency in the AM process, the composite AM waveform would be what
A composite waveform that is the sum of all the modulating frequencies and the carrier frequency
56
How would you best describe the key phenonmenon for single sideband trasmission
Both upper and lower sidebands are mirror images carrying the same information
57
What statement would best describe frequency modulation
The frequency of the carrier wave is varied by amplitude and frequency of the modulating signal/ amplitude will remain constant and will not convey information
58
In the FM process, what does the stronger or louder modulating wave cause
The stronger or louder modulating wave causes a larger deviation in the carrier wave above and below its rest frequency
59
Compare the bandwidth of the frequency modulated wave to that of the amplitude modulate wave
FM requires a much greater bandwidth than AM
60
How is pulse modulation best described
PM involves turning an RF transmitter on for a short period of time and off for a long period of time.
The pulse duration and amplitude remain constant while the position in time is allowed to vary.
61
Describe Frequency Modulated On Pulse FMOP
Frequency is made to increase or decrease along the length of the transmitted pulse
62
Describe Pulse Modulation On Pulse PMOP
The phase of the frequency is made to vary along the length of the pulse
63
What is modulation?
The characteristics of an RF signal must be changed in order to transmit information on the signal
64
What is a continuous wave CW
Emits EM radiation at all times and cannot measure range because there is no basis for measurement of the time delay. Measure instantaneous range rate and maintain continuous contact w/ target
65
What is single sideband transmission and what is advantage?
With upper and lower sidebands mirroring, each carries the same intel contained in modulating wave. So intel may be sent by transmitting only carrier and one set of sidebands, upper or lower.
Advantage is that all transmitter's energy can be put into a carrier and one sideband rather than spreading power over both.
66
The amount of deviation in the FM process is determined by what
The loudness (amplitude) of the modulating signal. The stronger or louder the modulating wave becomes, the greater the output frequency deviates above rest frequency.
67
What is the rate of deviation during the FM process is determined by what
Pitch (frequency) of the modulating wave (determines rate the carrier swings through a deviation cycle
68
What is the primary advantage of FM over AM?
in FM, the amplitude of the carrier does not convey intelligence, therefore the intelligence is not distorted by noise. (Noise amplitude-modulates EM energy)
69
As PD gets shorter, BW must...
increase
70
What is Telemetry
a digital data communication signal transmitted by a missile, detailing the performance of the missile and onboard systems.
71
What are characteristics of Pulse Modulation
Consists of turning on an RF transmitter for very short time, and leaving it off for long time.
72
What is the purpose of an antenna
Provides necessary coupling between the radar set and free space
73
The lower the frequency, the blank antenna
A larger antenna is desirable for achieving good blank
Larger / angular resolution
74
What are 4 advantages of the phased array radar
1. beam may be rapidly scanned over coverage of antenna without moving the antenna structure.
2. Array has ability to generate many independent beams at same time.
3. Large peak/average powers, thus high effective radiating powers, may be obtained with separate transmitters at each element of array.
4. Steerable feature of an array means that the beam from a shipborne or airborne rdr may be stabilized electronically, rather than mechanically.
75
What are disadvantages of phased array radar
Cost and complexity. The need to maintain phase stability in adverse conditions.
76
Circular scan
- 360 degree scan in azimuth
- Azimuth and range of target obtained
- Fan beam is generated having large vertical direction and small horizontal direction. EW
77
Unidirectional scan
- fan beam search
- decreased sector width and increased scan rate compared to circular scan
- scans assigned vector from one direction
- Associated with TT
78
Bidirectional Scan
- fan beam search
- decreased sector width and increased scan rate compared to circular scan
- Scans in both directions
79
conical scan CONSCAN
-Precision radar system using continuous rotation of pencil beam around target
-uses phase of return and signal mod to maintain tracking
-Antenna keeps target in center of scan
TT FC
80
Raster Scan/ Special Raster
- Acquisition scan w/ thin beam covers rectangular area w/ horizontal sweep
- angle elevation steps down with each sweep
-Angle elevation changes in pattern with each horizontal sweep
81
Helical Scan
- Antenna rotates about vertical axis while elevation angle raises slowly from 0-90 degrees
- one mode of acquisition radar
82
Spiral Scan
- Acquisition scan, thin beam covers large circular area
| - beam conical scanned while spiraling out from center.
83
Steady Scan
-No scanning motion
-antenna may move to follow tgt
MG, FC, TT, BN
84
Palmer Scan / Palmer Raster Scan
- expedites transition to tracking mode
- conical scan superimposed on another type of scan
- CONSCAN superimposed on normal raster
- each sweep, angle of elevation is stepped up or down
- After vert covered, angle elevation set at original
85
Agile Scan
- Capability of switching quickly between scan patterns and tracking modes
- produced by array antenna with beam steering assembly
86
Go through Scan codes:
- Circular
- Bi-dir horizontal sector
- Bi-dir vertical sector
- Bi-directional sector
- Uni-dir horizontal sector
- Uni-dir veritcal sector
- Unidirectional sector
- Conical
- Raster
- Steady
- Spiral
- Agile
- A
- B
- C
- V
- T
- S
- S, U
- F
- J
- D
- K
- P
