ECOLOGICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY

Question 1

The study of the ecology of infectious diseases. It includes population and community level studies of the interactions between hosts and their pathogens and parasites and covers disease of both humans and wildlife.

Answer 1

ECOLOGICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY

Question 2

Kills up to 90% of its human victims. A global outbreak killed ¼ of all the gorillas.

Answer 2

EBOLA HEMORRHAGIC FEVER

Question 3

_____________ is caused by a prion, it is one of a family of irreversible, degenerative neurological diseases known as _____________

Answer 3

CHRONIC WASTING DISEASE (CWD), and TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES (TSE)

Question 4

Tropical diseases such as ______, _______, _________, and ______, have been moving into areas from which they were formerly absent as mosquitoes, rodents, and other vectors expand into new habitat.

Answer 4

MALARIA, CHOLERA, YELLOW FEVER, AND DENGUE FEVER

Question 5

The ________ ___________ that causes malaria is now resistant to most drugs, while the mosquitoes that transmit it have developed resistance to many insecticides.

Answer 5

PROTOZOAN PARASITE

Question 6

They are given when the person could recover fully without them, and starting and not finishing a full prescription. They do not work against certain diseases.

Answer 6

ANTIBIOTICS

Question 7

The study of toxins (poisons) and their effects, particularly on living systems because many substances are known to be poisonous to life.

Answer 7

ECOTOXICOLOGY

Question 8

Ecotoxicology is a broad field, drawing from ___________, _________, __________, _______ and many other disciplines.

Answer 8

BIOCHEMISTRY, HISTOLOGY, PATHOLOGY, PHARMACOLOGY

Question 9

They damage or kill living organisms because they react with cellular components to disrupt metabolic functions. They are harmful even in extremely dilute Concentrations. In some cases, billionths, or even trillionths of a gram can cause irreversible damage.

Answer 9

TOXINS

Question 10

Are immune-activating agents

Answer 10

ALLERGENS

Question 11

It is an excellent example of a widely used chemical that is a potent sensitizer of the immune system.

Answer 11

FORMALDEHYDE

Question 12

___________ is a situation in which the occcupants of a building experience acute health- or comfort-related effects that seem to be linked directly to the time spent in the building.

Answer 12

SICK BUILDING SYNDROME (SBS)

Question 13

Some people who suffer from ________ _______ _______ have headaches, allergies, and chronic fatigue, and other symptoms caused by improperly ventilated indoor air contaminate with carbon monoxide, mold spores, nitrogen oxide, formaldehyde, and any other pollutants emitted from carpets, furnitures, fabrics, and construction materials and other sources.

Answer 13

SICK BUILDING SYNDROME (SBS)

Question 14

Suppress the immune system.

Answer 14

IMMUNE SYSTEM DEPRESSANTS

Question 15

PCBs

Answer 15

POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS

Question 16

Chemicals that disrupt the natural activity of hormones.

Answer 16

ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS

Question 17

Are chemicals released by cells into the bloodstreams in one part of the body to regulate the function and development of tissues and organs in the body.

Answer 17

HORMONES

Question 18

Have similar shapes to natural hormones and amply their effects

Answer 18

HORMONE MIMICS

Question 19

Known to be a hormone mimic used for Plastic products ranging from water bottles to tooth protecting sealants. Can also cause abnormal chromosome numbers which is the leading cause of miscarriages and several forms of mental retardation.

Answer 19

BPA (BISPHENOL A)

Question 20

It also is an environmental estrogen and may alter sexual development for both males and females.

Answer 20

BPA (BISPHENOL A)

Question 21

PETE

Answer 21

POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTALATE

Question 22

HDPE

Answer 22

HIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE

Question 23

PVC

Answer 23

POLYVINYL CHLORIDE

Question 24

LDPE

Answer 24

LOW DENSITY POLYETHYLENE

Question 25

PP

Answer 25

POLYPROPYLENE

Question 26

PS

Answer 26

POLYSTYRENE

Question 27

Prevent natural hormones from attaching to their target organ.

Answer 27

HORMONE BLOCKERS

Question 28

Is linked to increased risk of breast cancer, developmental and reproductive toxicity, allergies, and immuno-toxicity

Answer 28

ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION

Question 29

Are a particular class of metabolic poisons that individually attack nerve cells (neurons)

Answer 29

NEUROTOXINS

Question 30

EXAMPLES OF NEUROTOXINS

Answer 30

-MANGANESE
-ARSENIC
-CHLORPYRIFOS
-FLUORIDE
-LEAD
-ETHANOL
-MERCURY
-TOLUENE
-TETRACHLOROETHYLENE (PERC)
-POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS (PBDEs)
-POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBs)
-DDT/DDE

Question 31

Heavy metals like _______ and _______ destroy nerve cells and cause permanent brain damage.

Answer 31

LEAD AND MERCURY

Question 32

The enzymes that control the transfer of signals between nerve cells and the tissues or organs they innervate

Answer 32

ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE

Question 33

___________ and _________ inhibit acetylcholinesterase

Answer 33

ORGANOPHOSPHATES AND CARBAMATES

Question 34

__________ and ________ disrupt nerve cell membranes needed for nerve action.

Answer 34

ANESTHETICS AND CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS

Question 35

Are agents that damage or modify the genetic material (DNA) in cells such as chemicals and radiation.

Answer 35

MUTAGENS

Question 36

Are chemicals substance or other factors which cause different abnormalities during embryonic growth and development.

Answer 36

TERATOGENS

Question 37

Drinking during pregnancy can lead to ___________ _______ _____ -a cluster of complications that persist throughout a child’s life, including craniofacial abnormalities, developmental disorder, behavioral problems, and mental defects.

Answer 37

FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME

Question 38

Are substances that cause cancer invasive, and out-of-control cell growth resulting in malignant tumors

Answer 38

CARCINOGENS