Ecology, Biogeography, Taxonomy

Question 1

retention in an adult organism of juvenile features of its evolutionary ancestors

Answer 1

Paedomorphosis

Question 2

is when an organism reproduces before reaching physical maturity. This can include reproduction by larvae or juveniles, or by sexually mature larvae.

Answer 2

Paedogenesis

Question 3

variation in the relative rates of growth of various parts of the body, which helps to shape the organism

Answer 3

Allometric growth

Question 4

a tissue found in many vascular plants as a part of the epidermis. It is one of the many layers of bark, between the cork and primary phloem.

Answer 4

Cork cambium

Question 5

is also known as the Intertropical Convergence Zone. It’s located between the latitudes of five degrees north and five degrees south. It has the following characteristics:
Low atmospheric pressure
Little to no wind
Cloudy and rainy weather

Answer 5

doldrums

Question 6

an area classified according to the species that live in that location.

Answer 6

biome

Question 7

the study of organisms and how they interact with the environment around them.

Answer 7

ecology

Question 8

the study of the geographic distribution of plants, animals, and other forms of life.

Answer 8

biogeography

Question 9

the most complex of all communities, located near the equator where rainfall is abundant and harboring more species of plants and animals than any other ecosystem in the world

Answer 9

Tropical rain forest

Question 10

woody vines that are rooted in the ground and have long, flexible stems. They are also known as climbing plants, climbers, or vines

Answer 10

lianas

Question 11

a tropical grassland biome with scattered individual trees, large herbivores, and three distinct seasons based primarily on rainfall, maintained by occasional fires, and droughts

Answer 11

savannah

Question 12

a scrubland biome of dense, spiny evergreen shrubs found at mid-latitudes along coasts where cold ocean currents circulate offshore, characterized by mild, rainy winters and long, hot, dry summers

Answer 12

chaparral

Question 13

mixed grassy woodland ecosystems.

Answer 13

Temperate Savannah

Question 14

a biome located throughout mid-latitude regions where there is sufficient moisture to support the growth of large trees which are mostly of the broad-leaved deciduous type

Answer 14

Temperate Forest

Question 15

a biome at the northernmost limits of plant growth and at high altitudes, where plant forms are limited to low shrubby or matlike vegetation

Answer 15

Tundra

Question 16

portion of the ocean floor where light does not penetrate

Answer 16

abyssal zone

Question 17

emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor introduced to an environment presetting a diversity of new opportunities and problems

Answer 17

adaptive radiation

Question 18

jawless class of vertebrates represented today by the lampreys and hagfishes

Answer 18

agnathans

Question 19

mode of speciation induced when the ancestral population becomes segregated by a geographical barrier

Answer 19

allopatric speciation

Question 20

aiding of another individual at one’s own risk or expense

Answer 20

altruistic behavior

Question 21

pattern of evolutionary change involving the transformation of an entire population

Answer 21

anagenesis

Question 22

organisms that need only carbon dioxide as a carbon source but which obtain their energy by oxidizing inorganic substances

Answer 22

chemoautotrophs

Question 23

is a self-defense mechanism where an animal sheds or discards one or more of its own appendages.

Answer 23

Autotomy

Question 24

pattern of evolutionary change that produces biological diversity by budding one or more new species from a parent species that continues to exist.

Answer 24

cladogenesis

Question 25

a taxonomic approach that classifies organisms according to the order in time that branches arise along a phylogenetic tree without considering the degree of morphological divergence

Answer 25

cladistics

Question 26

the stem reptiles

Answer 26

cotylosaurs

Question 27

plant species that has staminate and carpellate flowers on separate plants

Answer 27

dioecious

Question 28

steroid hormone that triggers molting in arthopods

Answer 28

ecdysone

Question 29

animals such as reptiles, fishes, and amphibians, that must use environmental energy and behavioral adaptations to regulate their body temperature

Answer 29

ectotherms

Question 30

animals that use metabolic energy to maintain a constant body temperature. the birds and mammals

Answer 30

endotherms

Question 31

plant that nourishes itself, but grows on the surface of another plant for support, usually on the branches or trunks of tropical trees

Answer 31

epiphyte

Question 32

A physiological state characterized by slow metabolism and inactivity, which permits survival during long periods of elevated temperature and diminished water supplies

Answer 32

estivation

Question 33

the limited period of heat or sexual receptivity that occurs around ovulation in female mammals having estrous cycles

Answer 33

estrus

Question 34

study of how animals behave in their natural environments

Answer 34

ethology

Question 35

aquatic heterotrophs, like clams and oysters, that sift small food particles from the water

Answer 35

filter-feeders

Question 36

reproductive organs of bryophytes

Answer 36

gametangia

Question 37

predators that use tentacles, pincers, claws, or jaws to kill their prey or tear off pieces of meat or vegetation

Answer 37

holotrophs

Question 38

shallow zone of the ocean where land meets water

Answer 38

intertidal zone or littoral zone

Question 39

the jellylike substance between 2 layers of the body wall of a sponge or cnidarian

Answer 39

mesoglea

Question 40

process in arthropods in which the exoskeleton is shed at intervals to allow growth by secretion of a larger exoskeleton

Answer 40

molting

Question 41

in plants, possessing both staminate and carpellate flowers on the same individual

Answer 41

monoecious

Question 42

a group of egg-laying mammals, represented by the platypus and echidnas

Answer 42

monotremes

Question 43

a serpentine excretory tube in earthworms immersed in the fluid of the coelom

Answer 43

nephridium/nephridia

Question 44

the embryonic development of an organism

Answer 44

ontogeny

Question 45

adaptations to control water balance in organisms living in hypertonic, hypotonic, or terrestrial environments

Answer 45

osmoregulation

Question 46

extinct agnathans that were fishlike creatures encased in an armor of bony plates

Answer 46

ostracoderms

Question 47

a special case of polymorphism based on the distinction between secondary sexual characteristics of males and females

Answer 47

sexual dimorphism

Question 48

the aerial portion of a plant body, consisting of stems, leaves, and flowers

Answer 48

shoot system

Question 49

the central vascular cylinder in roots where xylem and phloem are located

Answer 49

stele

Question 50

process of nuclear union during fertilization

Answer 50

syngamy

Question 51

branch of biology that studies the diversity of life

Answer 51

systematics

Question 52

a coniferous or boreal forest biome characterized by snow, harsh winters, short summers, and evergreen trees

Answer 52

taiga

Question 53

a movement toward or away from some stimulus

Answer 53

taxis

Question 54

vertebrates possessing 2 pairs of limbs, such as amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

Answer 54

tetrapods

Question 55

the directional growth of a plant in relation to touch

Answer 55

thigmotropism

Question 56

Harmless organism copies the pattern of a dangerous organism to get protection

Answer 56

Batesian mimicry

Question 57

the directional movement of an animal in response to chemicals in the environment

Answer 57

chemotaxis

Question 58

interaction/relationship between 2 animal or plant species that live together in which one species benefits from the association while the other is not significantly affected

Answer 58

Commensalism

Question 59

all plants and animals living in a defined area

Answer 59

community

Question 60

the interaction/relationship between 2 or more organisms, pop, or spe that share some environmental resource when this is in short supply. Both organisms are harmed

Answer 60

competition

Question 61

a social structure in which each animal has a relative position of dominance

Answer 61

complex hierarchy

Question 62

where members of a group combine their strengths to defend against predators

Answer 62

cooperative defence

Question 63

animals that are most active at dawn and dusk

Answer 63

crepuscular animals

Question 64

a plant in which flowering can occur irrespective of the day length

Answer 64

day neutral plants

Question 65

the directional movement of an animal in response to gravity

Answer 65

geotaxis

Question 66

is a method of camouflage in which an animal's coloration is darker on the top or upper side and lighter on the underside

Answer 66

countershading or Thayer's law,

Question 67

the directional growth of plant organs in response to gravity

Answer 67

geotropism

Question 68

ability of an organism to find its way back to a specific area

Answer 68

homing

Question 69

the non-directional movement of an organism in response to a stimulus in which rate of movement depends on the intensity of the stimulus rather than direction

Answer 69

Kinesis

Question 70

the seasonal mass movement of organisms from one area to another and back

Answer 70

migration

Question 71

2 or more poisonous species have similar colouration therefore get protection

Answer 71

Mullerian mimicry

Question 72

relationship where 2 species benefit from the relationship

Answer 72

mutualism

Question 73

non-directional movements of plant in response to external stimuli

Answer 73

nastic movements

Question 74

a plant growth response away from a stimulus

Answer 74

negative tropism

Question 75

form of exploitation where one species lives on another to obtain food

Answer 75

parasitism

Question 76

the directional movement of an animal in response to light

Answer 76

phototaxis

Question 77

the environmental agent that resets the biological clock e.g. light, temperature

Answer 77

Zeitgeber