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Ecology Pt1 Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

Who wrote the first naturalist essays?

A

John Muir and Aldo Leopold

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2
Q

Who wrote Silent Spring?

A

Rachel Carson

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3
Q

Why was Silent Spring Important?

A

Ecology became an actual science; biomagnification

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4
Q

Biomagnification

A

the increasing buildup of toxic substances within organisms that happens at each stage of the food chain

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5
Q

Abiotic

A

nonliving chemical & physical factors

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6
Q

Biotic

A

living factors (other living organisms)

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7
Q

Organismal

A

behavioral, physiological, and morphological ways critters meet abiotic challenges

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8
Q

Population

A

group of individuals of the same species in a particular geographical area

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9
Q

Community

A

assemblage of populations of different species

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10
Q

Ecosystem

A

all abiotic factors and the community of species in an area

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11
Q

Biosphere

A

the sun of all the planet’s ecosystems

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12
Q

Biome

A

areas of predominant flora and fauna

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13
Q

Abiotic Factors Examples

A

Non-living factors: Temperature, Water, Sunlight, Wind, Rocks & Soil, Periodic Disturbances (natural disasters)

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14
Q

Spring

A

Marked by Spring Equinox (equal amt of day/night)

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15
Q

Summer

A

Marked by summer solstice (long day/short night)

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16
Q

Fall

A

Marked by Fall equinox (equal amt of day/night)

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17
Q

Winter

A

Marked by Winter solstice (long day/short night)

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18
Q

Rain Shadow

A

There is less rain on one side of a mountain range
- Think of the Western (more rain) and Eastern (less rain) part of the Sierras

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19
Q

What are the four zones of Aquatic Biomes?

A

photic zone, aphotic zone, thermocline, and the benthic zone

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20
Q

photic zone

A

photosynthetic light

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21
Q

aphotic zone

A

little light

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22
Q

thermocline

A

narrow stratum of rapid temperature change (warm to cold)

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23
Q

benthic zone

A

bottom substrate (bed)

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24
Q

Benthos

A

community of organisms in Benthic zone

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25
Detritus
dead organic matter; food for benthic organisms
26
What are the three zones of Freshwater Biomes?
Littoral zone, Limnetic zone, and the Profundal zone
27
Littoral Zone
shallow, well-lit waters close to shore
28
Limnetic zone
well-lit, open water farther from shore
29
Profundal zone
deep, aphotic waters
30
Types of Lake classifications:
oligotrophic, eutrophic, mesotrophic
31
oligotrophic
deep, nutrient poor
32
eutrophic
shallow, high nutrient content
33
mesotrophic
moderate, productivity
34
Wetland
area covered with water that supports aquatic plants
35
Estuary
area where freshwater stream or river merges with ocean - often bordered by extensive coastal wetlands called mudflats or saltmarshes
36
Types of Wetlands
Basin Wetlands, Riverine Wetlands, Fringe Wetlands
37
Basin Wetlands
Shallow Basins: depressions, filled lakes and ponds
38
Riverine Wetlands
Flooded banks of rivers and streams
39
Fringe Wetlands
Along coasts of large lakes and seas
40
What are the 6 zones of the Marine Biomes?
Interidal zone, Neritic zone, Oceanic zone, Pelagic zone, Benthic zone, Abyssal zone
41
Interidal zone
area where land meets water
42
Neritic zone
shallow regions over continental shelves
43
Oceanic zone
very deep water past the continental shelves
44
Pelagic zone
open water of any depth
45
Benthic zone
seafloor bottom
46
Abyssal zone
benthic region in deep oceans
47
What are the 8 Terrestrial biomes?
Tropical forests, Savanna, Desert, Chaparral, Temperate grassland, Temperate deciduous forest, Coniferous forest, Tundra
48
Tropical forests
equator, most complex; constant temperature and rainfall; canopy
49
Savanna
tropical grassland with scattered trees; occasional fire and drought; large herbivores
50
Desert
sparse rainfall (<30cm/yr)
51
Chaparral
spiny evergreens at midlatitudes along coasts
52
Temperate grasslands
all grasses; seasonal drought, occasional fires; large mammals
53
Temperate deciduous forest
midlatitude regions; broad-leaf deciduous trees
54
Coniferous forest
cone-bearing trees
55
Tundra
permafrost; very little precipitation
56
The costs and benefits of homeostasis affect...
an organism's response to environmental variation
57
regulators
animal and plants that use behavioral and physiological mechanisms to achieve homeostasis
58
conformers
allow some conditions in their body to vary with external changes
59
Principle of Allocation
Each organism has a limited amount of energy that can be allocated for obtaining nutrients, escaping from predators, coping with environmental fluctuations, growth, and reproduction - energy used for homeostasis can't be used for other things
60
3 Responses to Environment
Physiological Adaptations, Morphological Adaptations, Behavioral Adaptations
61
Physiological Response
Small changes in the rates of processes that do not require alteration of body structure - Acclimation: the process or result of becoming accustomed to a new climate or to new conditions
62
Morphological Response
Alter the form of internal anatomy - Some may not be reversible Ex: - More fur/feathers in the winter - Seasonal color changes
63
Behavioral Response
- Move to a new location - Social Behavior- The bee beats wings to cool down hive
64
What is a population?
A collection of individuals of the same species living in the same geographic area
65
Niche
All the biotic and abiotic factors used by an organism
66
What is density?
The Number of individuals per unit of area - measured by 1. counts 2. sample-size estimate 3. mark-recapture
67
Types of dispersion
1. Clumped (usually around food source) 2. Uniform (territories) 3. Random (plants)
68
Population ecology is the study of...
Study of size, distribution, and density of populations and how these populations change with time Size of population = N
69
Demography
Theory and stats behind pop'n growth and decline
70
Birth Rate
Offspring produced per time period (Fecundity)
71
Death Rate
Number of deaths per time period
72
Birth/death rates are...
highest at two ends of age spectrum (young and old)
73
Sex ratio
Males to females
74
Generation time
time needed for individuals to reach reproductive maturity
75
Age structure
compares the relative number of individuals in the pop'n from each age group
76
Immigration rate
rate individuals relocate into a population
77
Emigration rate
rate individuals relocate out of a population
78
Survivorship curve
plot of the number of people alive at certain ages
79
Survivorship curve type 1
long life until "old age" where death rate increases rapidly (humans/mammals)
80
Survivorship curve type 2
death rate is constant (lizards/hydra/small mammals)
81
Survivorship curve type 3
Steep downward curve for the young but it flattens out (fish, oysters, marine organisms)
82
Population growth formula
change in pop size = births - deaths or... ∆ N / ∆ t = bN - dN
83
Exponential model of Pop growth
idealized population in an unlimited environment - unsustainable in real life
84
Logistic model
reaches carrying capacity (K)
85
K (carrying capacity)
Maximum number of individuals that a population can sustain in a given environment - can change depending on that environment - depends on limiting factors
86
Density - dependent factors
limiting factors - food supply, predation, territoriality, waste products, diseases
87
Density - Independent Factors
nothing to do with pop size - floods, droughts, earthquakes, and other natural disasters
88
Population life history "strategies"
R - selected (opportunistic) and K-selected (equilibrial)
89
R - selected (opportunistic)
- short maturation & lifespan - many (small) offspring; usually 1 (early) reproduction; no parental care - high death rate - ex: bacteria & flies
90
K-selected (equilibrial)
- long maturation & lifespan - Few (large) offspring; usually several (late) reproductions; extensive parental care - low death rate - ex: humans & elephants

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