economic

Question 1

Who was the minister of finance from 1862 to 1878?

Answer 1

Mikhail von Reutern

Question 2

Who served as minister of finance from 1887 to 1892?

Answer 2

Ivan Vyshnegradsky

Question 3

Who was the minister of finance in 1892?

Answer 3

Sergei Witte

Question 4

What was the impact of population increase on the Russian economy between 1855 and 1914?

Answer 4

Economy increases and pressure increases

Question 5

What was the percentage of the Russian railway system under state control by the 1890s?

Answer 5

60%

Question 6

What was the total foreign investment in Russia by 1914?

Answer 6

2000 million roubles

Question 7

Fill in the blank: The Trans-Siberian Railway provided a huge _______ stimulus.

Answer 7

industrial

Question 8

What was the coal output increase from 1894 to 1914?

Answer 8

183 million puds to 671 million puds

Question 9

What percentage of government expenditure went on debt repayment during this period?

Answer 9

1/3

Question 10

True or False: Witte’s policies included raising import tariffs to boost home production.

Answer 10

False

Question 11

What major change occurred in agriculture under Witte’s policies?

Answer 11

Little changed in agricultural production

Question 12

What was the average landholding for peasants by 1914?

Answer 12

Less than 4 hectares

Question 13

Who introduced a 30% import tax to boost home production?

Answer 13

Ivan Vyshnegradsky

Question 14

What was the significant outcome of the 1891-92 famine?

Answer 14

Thousands died and 350,000 were dismissed

Question 15

What was the goal of Stolypin’s land reforms?

Answer 15

To transform Russia into a stable, prosperous country

Question 16

Fill in the blank: The new rouble introduced in January 1897 aimed to strengthen the _______.

Answer 16

currency

Question 17

What was the average annual growth rate of industrial production from 1908 to 1914?

Answer 17

6%

Question 18

What was the primary focus of Witte’s industrial policies?

Answer 18

Establishment of an industrial base for military power

Question 19

True or False: By 1914, only 18% of Russians lived in towns.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

What was a major failure of the Russian economy by 1914?

Answer 20

More debt than any other country, owing 8 billion roubles

Question 21

What was the response of peasants to Stolypin’s reforms?

Answer 21

Mixed; some relished the chance to escape, others viewed separators as traitors

Question 22

What did the introduction of the gold standard in 1897 aim to achieve?

Answer 22

Boost confidence in the rouble and reassure investors

Question 23

What percentage of total industrial production did consumer goods represent by 1914?

Answer 23

45%

Question 24

What was the growth in land owned by peasants from 1877 to 1905?

Answer 24

From 6 to 21.6 million hectares

Question 25

What was one of the main weaknesses of agricultural policies from 1861 to 1914?

Answer 25

Quantity of land decreased

Question 26

Russian economy 1855- 1914

Answer 26

Population increase = economy increases and pressure increases Industry specialised in areas Modernisation of industrial output overall pos Rndustrial develop 1908-14 roubles doubled Foreign investment in 1895 = 280 million roubles

Question 27

Mikhail von Reutern reforms

Answer 27

- Treasury reformed, new arrangement to collect tax eg publishing budgets- stabilise economy, more efficient tax collection=more money - Tax farming abolished, tax system reformed = indirect taxation- easy way to raise money - State bank established 1860 , extended banks and credit facilities, municipal banks 1862 , savings bank 1869 – encourages businesses - Import duties reduced 1863 = increased trade - Foreign investment encouraged with gov guanteed annual dividend BUT RUSSIAN ECONOMY STILL WEAK – 1/3 gov expenditure went on debt repayment, and rouble varied in its value, peasants still poor

Question 28

ROLE OF WITTEV

Answer 28

had introduced meausres – cuts in public spending, steeper duties on imports, in crease peasants tax Witte = hardheaded conservative, saw industrialisation as for strategic and political reasons Strategic Believed russias backwardness = vulnerability , industrial strength determined military power. Top priority = establishment of industrial base to produce high quality armaments and improvement in transport networks Political Would strengthen tsarist regime. Be able to reduce tax burden on peasantry

Question 29

wittes Policies :

Answer 29

Gold standard - rouble convertible on demand into gold in 1897 – to boost confidence in rouble, reassure investors no money loss thru fluctuations in currency exchange rates Led to sharp increase in flow of foreign investment in russia Import duties- retained the high duties of V = protected russian indsutries from low price foreign competition Railways - massive programme of state sponspored railway buiding- center = construction oof trans-siberian railway Education – more than a hundred technical schools, 3 institutes of technology