Economic activity 2 Flashcards

Question

What is the third step for managing tourism sustainably in Iceland?

Answer 1

Reducing overcrowding at sites - A new long-term Tourism Policy Framework 2020-30 A part of the framework is the realisation that in order to reduce overcrowding and pressure on the environment tourists need to visit more places. The Golden Circle is a victim of it own success. The Visit Iceland website enables visitors to plan their trip, based on sustainable tourism. The site encourages visitors to go the regions rather than stay just in the Reykjavik area.

Answer 2

Improving air quality in Reykjavik. 2019 adopted one of the strictest laws for controlling air quality in it shores. Require that fuel used by ships sailing within 12 nautical miles of its coast to contain no more than 0.1% sulfur, a reduction from the current international limit of 3.5%. Intends to force ships into using lighter, cleaner types of fuels, and to speed development of non-carbon based forms of fuel.

Answer 3

A fuel that is either finite or non-sustainable – will eventually run out (coal, oil & gas).

Answer 4

A supply that can be used continually used & won’t run out. Wind, water, geothermal, wave, tidal, biogas, biofuels ( like ethanol) and solar energy are all renewable.

Answer 5

Fuels produced from living organisms or from their by-products, such as food waste e.g. ethanol and biodiesel.

Answer 6

The uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price

Answer 7

In 2015, non-renewable fossil fuels supplied 86% of the world’s energy. Of the 3 main fossil fuels, oil provided 32%, coal 30% & natural gas 24%. Of the remaining 14%, nuclear provided 4%, HEP 7% & other renewables less than 3%.

Answer 8

- Some countries have a large supply of resources e.g. Middle East & oil. - Wealth – use more electrical devices, cars, travel more by plane for vacations… - Lack of Technology - Level of industrialisation.

Answer 9

- Will last another 118yrs at current rates of consumption. - Improved technology, has increased output, making it cheaper. - Can generate electricity, can be used for heating & making coking coal ( Iron & steel industry). - Energy dense.

Answer 10

- Cheapest & most accessible used up – cost has risen. - Air pollution – greenhouse gas ( C02) & produces acid rain. - Open cast mining harms environment & deep mining dangerous to miners. - Heavy & bulky to transport. - Dirtiest fossil fuel.

Answer 11

- More efficient to burn, transport & distribute by pipeline & tanker. - Energy dense. - Less harmful to the environment than coal. Gas is cheaper & cleaner than oil. - Can generate electricity. - Oil provides the raw material for the petrochemical industry. - Well established and ready to use.

Answer 12

- 2016 – oil may only last 51yrs & gas 81yrs. - Peak oil has been reached – the world now consumes more oil than it finds in new oil fields. - Danger of pollution through oil spills. - When burnt both give off nitrogen oxide & sulphur dioxide = acid rain. - Prices can fluctuate widely. - Pipelines targets for terrorism. - Political decisions can cause supply problems e.g. Ukraine war.

Answer 13

- Intermittent – Solar & wind energy are ltd to times of sunshine & wind. There are times it produces too much & times it produced too little. - Costs – expensive and requires government support at the beginning. Infrastructure & storage remains expensive. - Environmental impacts – wind turbines kill rare birds of prey, solar farms trip area of ecology, HEP drowns valleys & biofuels cause monoculture. - Local resistance – Eye sore & requires a large amount of land. - Natural constraints – HEP & solar require water, which is scarce in some arid areas. - Storage – Tech for storage of renewable energy is not developed well enough for the times when renewables produce an abundant supply. - Infrastructure – existing is set up for fossil fuels. New infrastructure is needed, but this is costly.

Answer 14

- Constantly available & will never be used up. - Cause less environmental impact ‘green’ energy. - Countries can become self-reliant as won’t have to import fossil fuels. - Governments can avoid controversy & disadvantages of using nuclear power. - Reduce carbon emissions and meet targets. - Can create economic opportunities. - Provide energy to billions who do not have modern energy services. - Costs are falling & energy capacity is increasing.

Answer 15

- UK – 38% of electricity generated by renewables. This is due to government subsidies. In 2020 almost 25% from wind energy, which is the focus of their future investment. - Iceland – sits on Mid Atlantic Ridge. Electricity 7 heating 100% renewable. Government has subsidised geothermal energy, rest comes from HEP. - Morocco – 3,000 hours of sunshine. 42% of energy comes from solar, wind & HEP. Has world’s largest solar energy plant, which was funded by the EU, WB & African Dev Bank. - LEDCs – 30% of the world’s population still relies on fuelwood.

Answer 16

- Good for heating and cooling. Individual homes can benefit. - Partially built underground so little surface impact. - Reliable and consistent supply once available. - Very low carbon emissions from equipment. - AVERAGE COST - US $200

Answer 17

- Location-specific needs to have correct geology and access to the hot water underground. - Might cause small earthquakes. - High set-up costs. - Only sustainable if underground reservoirs managed carefully so that use of water equals replacement by rainwater.

Answer 18

- Wind is free. - Once built no air pollution. - Although tall, only takes up small amount of land. Surface below can continue to be farmed. - Useful in remote areas away from national electricity grid. - Various sizes and costs for use in MEDCs and LEDCs. - AVERAGE COST - onshore- US $185 - offshore - US $260

Answer 19

- Needs reliable wind but this can range from zero to storms. - Shortage of electricity problem. Visual issues of wind farms. - Can be as noisy as a car traveling at 112 km/h (70 mph). - Manufacture produces some air pollution. - Largest turbine can only produce electricity for 475 homes. Many needed for a town.

Answer 20

- No pollution issues. - Reliable once built as simple structures; few breakdowns reported. - Have a long life. - Provides drinking water plus other opportunities, e.g. boating, fishing, a road across the dam, tourism. - Can respond to supply and demand quickly. - Can control flooding downstream. - AVERAGE COST- US $340

Answer 21

- Site requirements mean often have to locate in remote mountain areas. - High cost of building dam and electricity infrastructure. - Requires large area for reservoir and may involve relocating people. - Dam prevents seasonal flooding of ecosystems which affects wildlife. - Relies on rain/snowmelt; droughts mean no electricity can be produced so a back-up power source needed.

Answer 22

- Renewable while there are tides which rely on the sun and the moon. - Very efficient in converting energy into electricity. - Predictable, unlike other renewables that rely on the weather. - No greenhouse gas pollution. - AVERAGE COST - US $285

Answer 23

- Very high set-up costs. - It takes 7 years to build and 2 years before it generates electricity. - Storm waves can damage machinery. - Limited to sites with high tidal ranges to turn the turbines. - Works for 10 hours a day during tidal surges - need back-up power source. - Disrupts fish migration and can damage marine creatures.

Answer 24

- The sun's energy is free. - Renewable while there is a sun. - No noise and no air pollution. - Little maintenance needed once set up. - Easy to install in individual homes or as solar farms. - Can be used in remote areas away from a national electricity grid. - AVERAGE COST - US $155

Answer 25

- Limited availability of sun in many areas. - Very high set-up costs. - Cannot be generating during cloudy days or at night. - Limited storage capacity. - Can take up large amount of land. - Visual issues of solar farms.

Answer 26

An alcohol formed by fermentation (sugar cane/maize). It is used as a replacement or additive to gasoline.

Answer 27

An oil produced by extracting naturally occurring oils from plants & seeds ( soy beans). Used as a replacement or supplement to diesel fuel.

Answer 28

- 1st Generation - plant-based crops - 2nd Generation - Cellulose material from wood, grasses and crop residue. It is pre-treated and then fermented - 3rd Generation – Algae - 4th - Advanced Biofuel, which is created from waste and residues, mainly from forestry and agriculture.

Answer 29

- Renewable & sustainable. - Jatropha can be grown on infertile, marginal land where other crops cannot be grown & it is drought resistant. - Brazil relies upon it for 25% of their fuel = affordable fuel & energy security. - Important export crop for Brazil & Indonesia. - Creates jobs in LICs.

Answer 30

- The effect of a drop in oil prices – as oil prices fall, biofuels may become a more expensive option. - ‘Food vs Fuel’ debate. The EU has put a cap of 7% on the contribution of biofuels produced from ‘food’ crops & place greater emphasis on the production of advanced biofuels. - Increased C02 emissions from burning biofuels ( but is 50% cleaner than regular fuels). - Human rights issues as people are moved off their land & most farms are owned by big landowners. - To plant biofuel crops e.g. oil palms = deforestation loss of habitat & soil erosion. 10 years of failed EU biofuels has wiped out a forest the size of the Netherlands.

Answer 31

Nuclear energy or nuclear fission is a reaction in which the nucleus of an atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei. The fission process often produces gamma photons, and releases a very large amount of energy. The most common fuel used to produce nuclear energy is Uranium-235.

Answer 32

- It is not bulky – 50 tonnes per year for a power station compared to 540 tonnes of coal per hour. - Waste is small in quantity & can be stored underground. - Clean energy – no GHGs. - Stops countries relying on importing fossil fuels. - Large reserves of uranium ( Kazakhstan, Canada & Australia are the largest suppliers) - Low running costs.

Answer 33

- Dangerous is there is an accident. i)Chernobyl, Ukraine ( 86) – x4 more fallout than the Hiroshima bombing = 56 direct deaths & 4,000 extra cancer deaths. Ii) Fukishima 200,000 evacuated & at present long term effects unknown. - Waste can remain dangerous for 1,000yrs, so problems storing it. - Cost of shutting down ( decommissioning) is very high and there is a debate over who should pay – electricity companies or national governments.

Answer 34

The UK once produced enough energy to be self-sufficient. In 1970 91% of energy came from oil and coal. The discovery of gas beneath the North Sea meant that by 1980 22% of the UK’s energy came from gas. The use of nuclear power increased during the 1990s. However, a decline in reserves of oil and gas now means the UK is reliant on imported fossil fuels. All coal-fired power stations are due to close by 2025. Production of oil and gas has been declining in the UK since 2000. The British Government is taking steps to reduce carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels by encouraging investment in renewable energy resources including solar and wind energy.

Answer 35

Primary energy consumption - oil & gas still important (76%)- needed to heat homes & oil to fuel transport. Electricity generation – 41% gas. Continued reliance has made us energy insecure. Gas has declined in North Sea, all coal fired power stations to close by 2025. We only have 2 weeks of gas stored, relying heavily on Qatar. Impact of Ukraine war & Russian supplies. Decided not to go ahead with fracking ( shale gas) due to environmental impacts. Committed to reducing GHG emissions at COP conferences. Shift away going to take time, as need new infrastructure, storage…renewables currently can’t fill the energy gap.

Answer 36

Primary energy consumption – 6.4%, Electricity – 17.3% Hinkley Point C Nuclear Power Station in Somerset, is due to be completed in 2026. £22 billion pound project 1st nuclear power station to be built in the UK for 20yrs. Promise to be carbon neutral, improve safety, cut use of uranium and reduce radioactive waste by 30%.Will deliver clean carbon-free electricity to + 6 million homes. However, some question whether it will, it has cost x3 more and taken x3 times longer than predicted. UK has also signed a complex financial contract with France’s EDF & a Chinese energy company. Locked into a 35yr contract.

Answer 37

Wind is the largest generator of electricity after gas. In 2020, wind energy grew - 24.8% of UK electricity. Growth forecast rapid, especially offshore wind . The UK has invested £160 million as part of its Green Industrial Revolution for upgrading infrastructure and ports and the government believes that offshore wind will provide enough electricity for every home in the UK by 2030 targeting 40Gw of energy. Investments are also being made in new floating offshore wind turbines ( deeper oceans). UK is a world leader in wind energy and the most suitable area in Europe. The North sea is the most open area of ocean and receives the most reliable and stronger winds. The UK being an island nations has 31,000 kms of coastline and its maritime waters extend 22km away from the coast, giving it a vast area for offshore development

Answer 38

- The lack of sufficient available water resources to meet the demands of water usage within a region. - The capacity of a population to safeguard sustainable access to adequate quantities of and acceptable quality water for sustaining livelihoods, human well-being, and socio-economic development... (UN)

Answer 39

Boreholes tap into deep groundwater stocks and pump it to the surface either with diesel or hand pump.

Answer 40

The extraction of fresh water from salty sea water.

Answer 41

Water demand is growing, due to population increase, rising food demands & the consumption of more meat, industrialisation, rising energy demands ( coolant) demand for recreational activities & the impacts of climate change. Agriculture consumes ¾ of the world’s water -11,000 litres of water is needed to make a pair of jeans.

Answer 42

771mn people did not have access to safe clean water close to their homes in 2020. The WHO suggests 485,000 died in 2020 due to drinking dirty water. Due to the lack of economic development and infrastructure many people in LICs rely on water trucks, which are expensive, with the poor paying the most for their water. A simple comparison comparing countries at different stages of development - MEDCs 98% of people benefit from safely managed water supply. MICs 58-77%, LEDCs only 29%, with 41% having no access to safe water.

Answer 43

75% of African populations relay on groundwater. The majority use bore holes – low cost, appropriate technology. Unfortunately, 50,000 have been abandoned due to poor locations and low maintenance.

Answer 44

Dams & Reservoirs: Rivers transport water to the sea. Dams block rivers so that reservoirs of water build up behind, rather than drain away. This provides large supplies of drinking water all year round and reduces water insecurity, especially where precipitation may be seasonal.

Answer 45

Water Transfers: When a country has a water surplus in one area and a water shortage in another, supplies can be transferred. This is called a water transfer scheme. Reservoirs collect and store water in areas of high rainfall e.g. Wales. Canals and pipes transport the water to rivers or reservoirs in other parts of the country. E.g. Oxford. The water can then be sent to a water treatment plant, which cleans the water & then pipes it to our homes.

Answer 46

Desalination Plants: Desalination plants remove the salt from seawater to make it safe to drink. Desalination plants could solve many of the world’s water insecurity issues, but the process is expensive, uses a large amount of energy and therefore not viable in some developing countries. The UK has opened its first desalination facilities on the river Thames. The plant removes the salt from tidal water from the river Thames to help the UK during times of prolonged low rainfall and drought.

Answer 47

Groundwater: Many countries that suffer water scarcity manage their water supply through groundwater extraction from aquifers. The world's aquifers store vast quantities of fossil water that has remained underground for thousands of years and once removed cannot be replenished. India has the highest extraction rate in the world – greater than China and the US combined. + 90% is used for agriculture. The remainder — 24 billion cubic meters, supplies 85% of the country's drinking water. Roughly 80% of India's 1.35 billion residents depend on groundwater for both drinking and irrigation.

Answer 48

When the availability water does not need the demand for water due to natural physical factors.

Answer 49

When there is insufficient infrastructure to supply sufficient quantity or quality of water to meet demand.

Answer 50

Water that is not directly consumed but is used to produce food and other products.

Answer 51

2 million people who live in Gaza rely on aquifer. 90% is undrinkable due to salinisation and sewage leakage. Israel, Gaza's powerful neighbour, supply Gaza with 5% of its water but most is lost through damaged and unrepairable infrastructure. Frequent conflict between the 2 groups means further damage to water infrastructure. In 2014 conflict caused $34 million in damages to the infrastructure. A blockade on Gaza prevents the supply of materials needed for repair and reconstruction - unable to build new infrastructure. For families the tap water is salty and polluted and is not fit for drinking. Residents are forced to use this water for bathing and washing, but the supply is irregular and unpredictable. For drinking and cooking, they have no choice but to buy water privately at great financial hardship.

Answer 52

- Climate – low levels of rainfall and high temperatures lead to water deficits. When temperatures are high, water evaporates and so there is less available to use. – climate change. - Pollution – some places have plenty of water, but pollution has made it unsafe to use. Untreated sewage, agricultural chemicals and waste water from factories cause problems. Gold mining near Johannesburg, has led to uranium, arsenic and sulphuric acid polluting streams and rivers.

Answer 53

- Over-abstraction – when water is taken from aquifers, groundwater levels fall. If the amount of water taken is greater than the amount of water falling as rain, it is called over-abstraction. - Limited infrastructures – pipelines are needed to safely move water from place to place. Sealed pipes reduce the potential for leaks and pollution. Some places do not have these pipes in place. They can be expensive to lay as they need to be buried underground. Water pumps also form part of the water infrastructure. Water pumps in villages across Kenya were recently fitted with transmitters that send text messages if the devices break down.

Answer 54

- Poverty – nearly 1 billion people in Africa do not have access to clean, safe water. This locks them in a cycle of poverty - they cannot afford water so they become ill and when they become ill then cannot work and earn money. - Land use – agriculture – impact of cotton industry on the Aral Sea

Answer 55

- Agriculture – drip feed irrigation systems save 70% of water. - Industry – recycle waste water e.g. when using water as coolant in steel making. - Domestically – Install more efficient appliances, collect rainwater, shower instead of having a bath, install a greywater system.

Answer 56

- Drinking Water Quality - 97% of drinking water is unfit for consumption by international standards - Illnesses from Contaminated Water 26% of cases of illness in Gaza are caused by contaminated water - Child Mortality - More than 12% of cases of child mortality are linked to intestinal illnesses from contaminated water - School Sanitation - At Gaza's schools, there is an average of one toilet stall per 75 children and one sink per 80 children - Water Purchase Expense - 33% of Gazans' income on average goes toward the purchase of water, compared to 0.7% in the Western world

Answer 57

- Rapid economic development ( GDP grew x25 1980-2000). Has meant access to safe drinking water has improved. In 2000 245mn drank from untreated sources, whereas today only 89mn (mainly in rural areas). - Rising middle class = larger water footprint – meat consumption has increased by 150%. - ‘Factory of the world’ –needs energy to power factories, which requires a lot of water for cooling. - Industrial pollution – waste water grew 50% 2000-2015. - Cancer villages – badly affected by water pollution & just living nearby these rivers increases the rate of cancer. - Costs for the government – 1st half of 2017 government spent $100bn on 8,000 clean up projects.

Answer 58

- Increased industrial demand +pop growth +wealthier consumption + climate change = Crisis!! = possible unemployment, lower agricultural production, higher food costs = tensions. - Government launched – Water Pollution Prevention Control Action Plan – established a system of ‘river & lake chiefs’ that is local officers responsible for addressing pollution issues in their area. - 5 year plan – to restrict farming near major rivers to cut pollution. May find it difficult to enforce. 2001 44% of waterways were unusable, by 2018 only 6.9%. - Sponge Cities – 80% of the city area must capture and reuse rainwater. Has been expended to 31 cities.

Answer 59

The SNWDP aims to transfer water from the River Yangzi in the south to the dry industrial north. The project itself is the largest water diversion scheme in the world. The central route moves water from the massive reservoir in Danjiangkou, in central China 1,432km to Beijing. It does this via a vast channel. The Eastern and Central route have a capacity to transfer 25 billion tons of water a year. The western remains in the planning phase.

Answer 60

The project has also stimulated regional economic development by creating the following social and economic benefits: - employment opportunities - better transportation network and facilities - expanding irrigation schemes, electricity and aquaculture - recreational fishing and tourism industries controlling flood hazards

Answer 61

- The Eastern and Central routes have a capacity to transfer 25 billion tonnes of water a year to the north - Supplies more than 70% of Beijing's and other northern cities' freshwater needs - Initial problems with water quality stimulated investment in water management and government policy - By reducing water extraction from groundwater, groundwater quality slowly improves - Stimulated regional economic development through job creation - Improved transport routes - Improved irrigation opportunities vital for agriculture - Reduced flood risk

Answer 62

- Danjiangkou reservoir displaced more than 200,000 people - River channels and canals displaced a further 600,000 - Loss of community heritage and antiquities - Following the project water quality from industrial domestic and agricultural run-off was badly affected - River communities have been badly affected by pollution, losing livelihoods such as fishing communities - Riverside agriculture communities have been forced off land adjacent to rivers due to stricter environmental laws - Cost $62 billion - Lack of compensation given to industries forced to close down

Answer 63

e.g. tanneries and potteries are unregulated causing air pollution.

Answer 64

e.g. Shell & oil spills in Nigeria.

Answer 65

To access resources & land has led to the loss of biodiversity, contributed to climate change & forced the indigenous off their land.

Answer 66

Deforestation, soil erosion, desertification, eutrophication, over extraction of ground water.

Answer 67

Brussels & Newcastle – environmental degradation.

Answer 68

Economic development contributes to the EGHE. China needs to burn more fossil fuels to power its industries, more people can afford cars or to travel abroad by plane, which leads to more transport emissions.. Meat consumption has increased which leads to more ethane & more deforestation in the Amazon, for land & to grow soy = more C02.

Answer 69

- More droughts have been occurring in China leading to desertification. This could mean it is more difficult to produce food & provide water. - Tropical diseases may spread North from Africa into Europe. - Melting ice caps and glaciers in the Himalayas could cause flooding in the region & there could in the future be a lack of fresh water. - Sea levels likely to rise – threaten Yangtze delta region, Shanghai, Tianjin.. Could experience more monsoonal rains on the coast = flooding. - Impacts on species, food chains & biodiversity.

Answer 70

- Rapid economic development – GDP grew x25 1980-2000 - Rising middle class – more disposable income – can afford more electrical devices, meat consumption increased 150%. World’s Factory. - Increasing water & energy demands. - No.1 Carbon polluter in 2020 – contributing to the EGHE

Answer 71

- 80% of its groundwater reserves is unfit for human use and much of its surface water is badly polluted. - Thousands of rivers have been over extracted to the extent that they no longer flow. - The well documented evidence of cancer villages across China is also a damning example of how prioritising economic growth can impact on the health and well being of people. - A major environmental problem impacting Chinese water is eutrophication. - Eutrophication occurs when high levels of phosphates in water lead to rapid growth of phytoplankton or algae blooms. These plants starve the water from light and oxygen and so reduces the biodiversity below the surface. China is impacted by both freshwater and marine algae blooms.

Answer 72

Occurs when high levels of phosphates in water lead to rapid growth of phytoplankton or algae blooms. These plants starve the water from light and oxygen and so reduces the biodiversity below the surface.

Answer 73

Air quality across China is unhealthy, but it has improved 35% from 2013. In January 2013, Beijing experienced a prolonged period of smog so severe that citizens dubbed it an “airpocalypse”; the concentration of hazardous particles was forty times the level deemed safe by the (WHO). PM2.5 refers to pollutants so small, they can be breathed in and they can enter the bloodstream.

Answer 74

- According to a study published in the Lancet, 1.24 million people died as a result of poor air quality in 2017 and since 2000 more than 30 million have died. - Smog. Smog has an obvious social and economic impact on people and their well being.

Answer 75

- Population growth - the population in some desert areas is increasing. In places where there are developments in mining and tourism, people are attracted by jobs. An increased population is putting greater pressure on the environment for resources such as wood and water. - Removal of wood - in developing countries, people use wood for cooking. As the population in desert areas increases, there is a greater need for fuel wood. When the land is cleared of trees, the roots of the trees no longer hold the soil together so it is more vulnerable to soil erosion.

Answer 76

- Overgrazing - an increasing population results in larger desert areas being farmed. Sheep, cattle and goats are overgrazing the vegetation. This leaves the soil exposed to erosion. - Soil erosion - this is made worse by overgrazing and the removal of wood. Population growth is the primary cause of soil erosion. - Climate change - the global climate is getting warmer. In desert regions conditions are not only getting warmer but drier too. On average there is less rain now in desert regions than there was 50 years ago ( see Sahel graph below).

Answer 77

- Planting more trees - the roots of trees hold the soil together and help to reduce soil erosion from wind and rain. - Improving the quality of the soil - this can be managed by encouraging people to reduce the number of grazing animals they have and grow crops instead. The animal manure can be used to fertilise the crops grown. Growing crops in this way can improve the quality of the soil as it is held together by the roots of plants and protected from erosion. This type of farming is more sustainable. - Water management - water can be stored in earth dams in the wet season and used to irrigate crops during the dry season. This is an example of using appropriate technology to manage water supplies in the desert environment.

Answer 78

Desertification impacts approx 1/4 of China. It undermines agricultural output and reduces soil fertility. Sediment from degraded land flows into rivers, reducing water quality and increasing the risk of flooding downstream, while sandstorms are affecting increasingly larger areas of northern China. This impacts around 400 million people.

Answer 79

- Climate change. China's north has experienced a rising temperature and falling precipitation. World bank suggests that 1970 - 2030, China will gain over 800,000km2 in arid and semi-arid land.

Answer 80

- Human activity: - Deforestation in the 1950s stripped the land of natural forest to make way for agriculture. Rapid population increase has led to overuse of land resources. These include intensification of agriculture and grazing, deforestation, overgrazing, destruction of vegetation, misuse of water resources and the lack of environmental protection. - Heavy machinery. E.g. Large tractors compact soil and limit water infiltration and organic processes. It also requires ploughing and tilling. However this process exposes soil to wind and water erosion. The World bank suggests that over 1,500 km2 of land is vulnerable to wind erosion and 1,700km2 is exposed to water erosion

Answer 81

Effect urban areas, transporting and depositing huge quantities of sand and topsoil and reducing visibility to meters. They bring economic activity to a complete standstill and are a threat to human health. People are simply told to stay in doors. The City of Dunhuang in the NW of China -desert storm in July 2021, reducing visibility to just 5 meters.

Answer 82

- Green wall - forest to reduce desertification and air corridors that channel the wind and allow sand and other pollutants to pass through more quickly. These actions have reduced storm intensity but the expansion of cities and industries has put constant pressure on the environment throughout China. Beijing hit by desert storms every March & April -flights were grounded. Air quality readings reached hazardous levels over 500, many times higher than the amount the WHO considers safe.

Answer 83

True - Globally many urban areas have been experiencing urban degradation ( air pollution, noise & visual pollution & inadequate waste management).

Answer 84

- Road noise – noise barriers ( fences), limit vehicle speeds ( 30km Brussels centre). - Aircraft noise – alter flight paths & time of day when runway is used. - Visual pollution – ban on the use of billboards in many urban areas.

Answer 85

Fairtrade seeks to improve working conditions of farmers in LEDCs & provide reliable income. They set a lowest price limit that when market prices fall below, the farmer continues to earn a secure income. As market prices increase the fair trade price increases too. In addition to the Fair Trade price that farmers receive, the community is also supported with funding called the Fair Trade Premium. This funding is spent on community development projects that the community decide themselves – Honduras – coffee farmers – health centre, computer lab, soccer field.

Answer 86

They work on providing small loans to vulnerable people to enable them to start their own businesses e.g. Adelente Foundation – Honduras provide group loans to women, who act as collateral for each other. A small loan of $25 helped a lady triple her bread making business, as she was able to invest in own business.

Answer 87

Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

Answer 88

The efficient and non-wasteful use of natural resources. To do this we must protect the biosphere as it provides us with loads of important environmental services: - The natural world sinks vast quantities of carbon - Natural environments provide food and filter water - The oceans regulate our climate and support marine life vital to food security - Rainforests sink carbon, create rainfall through the biotic pump and support the largest biodiversity in the world - Mangrove forests act as important nursery grounds for fish and protect coastlines from storms

Answer 89

AB Inbev, Leuven have launched global smart drinking goals which includes: - 2025 100% electricity sourced from renewable energy. - 100% of products will be in packaging that is returnable or made from recycled materials.

Answer 90

An approach to business management and product design that maximises the efficiency of resource use, and aims ultimately to phase out waste and pollution altogether. Examples include: Mud Jeans. Isla Bikes, Gerrard Street Headphones.

Answer 91

-SW -Iceland & Golden Circle Route: - The key challenge for Iceland is to maximise the gains from tourism while at the same time protecting the environment upon which tourism depends. Iceland has adopted a Sustainable Development Plan. This has four main aims: Profitability above tourism numbers - this means Iceland is likely to increase costs to tourists and reduce the number of tourists visiting Benefits for all regions - this means widening the distribution of tourists in Iceland and reducing the dominance of the South Unique experience, quality and professionalism - this ensures that the tourism experience is of the highest quality and supports the policy to increase costs and reduce numbers A balance between conservation and tourism activity - there has to be this balance the number of tourists visiting sites and the protection of the natural beauty of the site. The Environmental Assessment Tool This was launched in 2019 and measures the environmental condition of sites. This is important because the data provides the tourist board with the information needed to control tourism numbers at sites and to make decisions on protective infrastructure such as walkboards. Managing Sensitive Sites Infrastructure at tourist sites is improved through the strategic National Infrastructure Plan, featuring 3-year rolling investment plans, and the Tourist Site Protection Fund. Its annual budget in 2017 was $4.5 million To manage footpath erosion, the authorities build raised footpaths, decking boards and viewing points. These much-needed interventions facilitate even more visitors and some argue ruin the view, although generally most infrastructure is sympathetic to its environment. In some cases, sites can be temporarily closed. In 2018 the geothermal river in Reykjadur Valley was closed due to excessive footpath erosion. Reducing Overcrowding at Sites and in the South A new long-term Tourism Policy Framework 2020-30 places an emphasis on reducing overcrowding and pressure on the environment. To do this, tourists need to visit more places. The Golden Circle tour is a victim of its own success. The Visit Iceland website enables visitors to plan their trip, based on sustainable tourism. The site encourages visitors to go to the regions rather than stay just in the Reykjavik area. It provides three additional tours for tourists including other suggested sites. These are called: The Arctic Coast Way - the Northern region The Westfjords Way - the Western region The Diamond Circle - the Northeast region Improving Air Quality in Reykjavik In 2019 Iceland adopted one of the strictest laws for controlling air quality in its shores. They require that fuel used by ships sailing within 12 nautical miles of its coast contain no more than 0.1% sulfur, a reduction from the current international limit of 3.5%. Improving Visitor Behaviour The Iceland Tourism Board produces fun and informative media campaigns to educate tourists on how to visit sensitive sites with respect. It educated the tourist on how to avoid moss beds, where to camp and where not to camp as well as educating visitors on a 'leave no trace' approach.

Answer 92

-SW Iceland & Golden Circle Route: - The Plan has four key pillars which include Economic ( profitability), Community-Locals ( local people should benefit & all regions should benefit), Community-tourists ( tourists should be offered a unique cultural & nature experience), and Environment ( active management, conservation & reduce carbon footprint). 1.Measuring Tourist impact - The model takes into account the carrying capacity of the environment, infrastructure, society and economy. Data from an Environmental Assessment Tool assesses the status of protected areas and natural attractions and feeds this data into the model. Based on the data interventions to safeguard sites and communities are put in place. For example a geothermal river walk and bathing site was closed for public access in 2020. 2. Managing sensitive sites - Infrastructure at tourist sites is improved through the strategic National Infrastructure Plan. In order to manage footpath erosion, the authorities build raised footpaths, decking boards and viewing points. These much needed interventions facilitate even more visitors and some argue ruin the view, although generally most infrastructure is sympathetic to its environment. Iceland has established a specific fund called the Tourist Site Protection Fund. The annual budget in 2017 was ISK 576 million ($4.5 million). 3. Reducing overcrowding at sites - A new long-term Tourism Policy Framework 2020-30 A part of the framework is the realisation that in order to reduce overcrowding and pressure on the environment tourists need to visit more places. The Golden Circle is a victim of it own success. The Visit Iceland website enables visitors to plan their trip, based on sustainable tourism. The site encourages visitors to go the regions rather than stay just in the Reykjavik area. 4. Improving air quality in Reykjavik. 2019 adopted one of the strictest laws for controlling air quality in it shores. Require that fuel used by ships sailing within 12 nautical miles of its coast to contain no more than 0.1% sulfur, a reduction from the current international limit of 3.5%. Intends to force ships into using lighter, cleaner types of fuels, and to speed development of non-carbon based forms of fuel.

Answer 93

-SW Iceland & Golden Circle Route: - Economic benefits are not evenly spread. Reykjavik gets' the lion share. 50% of all overnight stays happen in the capital. The man cause of the above is the ‘Golden Circle Route’. Seasonal employment. Over-dependent on tourism? – COVID impact. - Marketing of the Golden Circle has led to overcrowding. The local infrastructure cannot cope. It has led to the following environmental problems: limited space, footpath erosion and moss vandalism, as well as overcrowded streets and poor air quality, mainly caused by cruise ships and the dirty bunker fuel they use. - Social impacts: Loss of local tradition, as people move away from strong family units in rural locations towards tourist jobs in the city. - Reykjavik is changing rapidly - local services ( small shops & cafes) lost to Americanised services that fit a more global tourism demand.

Answer 94

- UK: -Primary energy consumption - oil & gas still important (76%)- needed to heat homes & oil to fuel transport. Electricity generation – 41% gas. Continued reliance has made us energy insecure. Gas has declined in North Sea, all coal fired power stations to close by 2025. We only have 2 weeks of gas stored, relying heavily on Qatar. Impact of Ukraine war & Russian supplies. Decided not to go ahead with fracking ( shale gas) due to environmental impacts. Committed to reducing GHG emissions at COP conferences. Shift away going to take time, as need new infrastructure, storage…renewables currently can’t fill the energy gap. -Primary energy consumption – 6.4%, Electricity – 17.3% Hinkley Point C Nuclear Power Station in Somerset, is due to be completed in 2026. £22 billion pound project 1st nuclear power station to be built in the UK for 20yrs. Promise to be carbon neutral, improve safety, cut use of uranium and reduce radioactive waste by 30%.Will deliver clean carbon-free electricity to + 6 million homes. However, some question whether it will, it has cost x3 more and taken x3 times longer than predicted. UK has also signed a complex financial contract with France’s EDF & a Chinese energy company. Locked into a 35yr contract. - Wind largest generator of electricity after gas. In 2020, wind energy grew - 24.8% of UK electricity. Growth forecast rapid, especially offshore wind . The UK has invested £160 million as part of its Green Industrial Revolution for upgrading infrastructure and ports and the government believes that offshore wind will provide enough electricity for every home in the UK by 2030 targeting 40Gw of energy. Investments are also being made in new floating offshore wind turbines ( deeper oceans). UK is a world leader in wind energy and the most suitable area in Europe. The North sea is the most open area of ocean and receives the most reliable and stronger winds. The UK being an island nations has 31,000 kms of coastline and its maritime waters extend 22km away from the coast, giving it a vast area for offshore development -Primary energy consumption – 6.4%, Electricity – 17.3% Hinkley Point C Nuclear Power Station in Somerset, is due to be completed in 2026. £22 billion pound project 1st nuclear power station to be built in the UK for 20yrs. Promise to be carbon neutral, improve safety, cut use of uranium and reduce radioactive waste by 30%.Will deliver clean carbon-free electricity to + 6 million homes. However, some question whether it will, it has cost x3 more and taken x3 times longer than predicted. UK has also signed a complex financial contract with France’s EDF & a Chinese energy company. Locked into a 35yr contract. - Wind largest generator of electricity after gas. In 2020, wind energy grew - 24.8% of UK electricity. Growth forecast rapid, especially offshore wind . The UK has invested £160 million as part of its Green Industrial Revolution for upgrading infrastructure and ports and the government believes that offshore wind will provide enough electricity for every home in the UK by 2030 targeting 40Gw of energy. Investments are also being made in new floating offshore wind turbines ( deeper oceans). UK is a world leader in wind energy and the most suitable area in Europe. The North sea is the most open area of ocean and receives the most reliable and stronger winds. The UK being an island nations has 31,000 kms of coastline and its maritime waters extend 22km away from the coast, giving it a vast area for offshore development

Answer 95

- China: -The Three Gorges Dam The Three Gorges Dam and Reservoir was completed in 2006 on the River Yangzi.. It represents the largest single dam in the world. Built for flood protection, HEP and water storage it has created a 600km reservoir to allow for shipping and secure irrigation to the region. -The South-North Water Transfer Project The South to North Water Transfer Project is a hugely ambitious project that aims to transfer water from the River Yangzi in the south to the dry and industrial north. The scheme itself is the largest water diversion scheme in the world. The central route moves water from the massive reservoir in Danjiangkou, in central China 1,432km to Beijing. It does this via a vast channel. The Eastern and Central route have a capaicty to transfer 25 billion tonnes of water a year. The western route remains in the planning phase. -The Mekong Cascade The Mekong Cascade refers to the construction of a series of 11 dams along the Mekong river within the Chinese catchment. The main purpose of water storage is for HEP energy but there are proposals, not yet developed, to transfer water to other parts of China.

Answer 96

- China: -The SNWDP aims to transfer water from the River Yangzi in the south to the dry industrial north. The project itself is the largest water diversion scheme in the world. The central route moves water from the massive reservoir in Danjiangkou, in central China 1,432km to Beijing. It does this via a vast channel. The Eastern and Central route have a capacity to transfer 25 billion tonnes of water a year. The western remains in the planning phase.

Answer 97

The impacts of global warming will vary around the world and are place-specific. Global warming is leading to melting glaciers, rising sea levels and more extreme weather conditions. Expected global warming will reach a minimum of 1.5 degrees by the end of the century. This temperature rise is even higher in Arctic regions that are experiencing rapid melting of ice sheets and melting permafrost. Tourist locations like the French Alps and Iceland are seeing rapid loss of ice and snow, threatening their tourism industries. Iceland relies economically on its 2 million annual tourists. These jobs are at risk if the environment that tourists come to experience is lost. Sea level rise threatens lives and livelihoods in low-lying nations such as the Maldives and Bangladesh. In Bangladesh sea level rise increases the threat of coastal flooding and storm surges. This can lead to loss of homes salinisation of fields and rapid erosion of land. Global warming is expected to create millions of environmental refugees adding further social pressure to the already overcrowded slums of Dakar. Global warming also threatens places through more extreme weather. The region of the Sahel is experiencing an increased frequency of droughts that can lead to desertification. Desertification threatens the food security of up to 12 million people across the Sahel. China is also experiencing increased droughts but also flash floods. This has led to the creation of sponge cities and major water transfer schemes. Hurricanes are also increasing in severity, with countries like Bangladesh and the USA highly exposed. These hazards are a direct threat to life.

Answer 98

Desertification refers to the degradation of soil until it turns to desert. Its impacts are damaging to the environment and communities that live there. Two places affected by desertification are the Sahel and China. The Sahel is an arid region, south of the Sahara and covers 12 African countries. With the increasing frequency of droughts, the Sahel is at risk of desertification. Droughts lead to the soil becoming more arid, which leads to slower plant growth and a fall in its carrying capacity. Coupled with population pressure, soils become hard and dry and lose nutrients. If the rainy season does arrive, rains either run-off and are lost or cause rapid soil erosion. The Sahel supports more than 85 million people who are mainly subsistence farmers. Desertification threatens their food security with falling farming yields. At worst countries such as Sudan in 2024 face acute food shortage and the increasing threat of famine, with conflict developing between competing groups. China also faces the threat of desertification caused by climate change and intensive farming. The most badly affected area of China is the Loess Plateau as well as the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. The World Bank suggests that between 1970 and 2030, 800,000 km2 of fertile land in China will become arid and semi-arid, threatening food security. One environmental problem is the occurrence of desert storms. These storms bring economic activity to a complete standstill and are a threat to human health. The City of Dunhuang in the northwest of China was hit by a desert storm in July 2021. This brought strong winds and a towering cloud of dust 100 meters in height. Visibility was just 5 meters. People were told to stay indoors, businesses and schools were closed, costing the city millions.

Answer 99

Name of area: Leuven, Belgium Economic activity: Brewing AB Inbev has its headquarters in Leuven in Belgium but produces beer around the world through a complex global supply chain. AB Inbev is working towards the UN's Sustainable Development Goals to reduce its environmental impacts. AB InBev is working towards a circular economy to reduce its use of water and materials and to reduce waste. To reduce its use of materials it has a target for 2025 to make 100% of its packaging recycled. AB Inbev uses a returnable scheme that pays consumers for the return of its bottles and cans. In 2023 67% of its packaging was either returnable or made from recycled material. This reduces materials and cuts waste. Another goal of the company is to reduce its carbon emissions. To achieve this it has the target to get 100% of its purchased energy from renewable sources. In addition, it has developed a patented technology that cuts energy use in the brewing process by 80%. Although developed in Leuven this technology is now in use across its global network. This way AB Inbev contributes to the cutting of greenhouse gases that cause enhanced global warming. Finally, AB Imbev also works directly with its farming communities to train them better to sustainably manage the farms. Hop producers across Flanders and in other countries are trained on increasing biodiversity as well as improving water conservation. Farmers are incentivised to leave sections of the farms as nature corridors. This helps biodiversity and helps capture water. Furthermore, they have the goal to improve clean water access in 100% of the water-stressed regions they work in.

Answer 100

* Beijing -Sponge City. * All NE regions have river & lake chiefs to check water pollution. * South to North Water Project

Answer 101

* 1998 - declared a war on air pollution. * They have put in controls to manage coal fired boilers. * They provide cleaner domestic fuels to homes. * Urban rail expansion - sustainable mobility + promoted cycling, walking & public transport. * 1000 air quality sensors set up in the city & they have set up LEZs ( low emission zones). * To reduce sandstorms ( causes poor air quality) they have put in place afforestation schemes in the North ( Gobi desert).

Answer 102

* 79 Protected natural areas - 21 nature reserves - protects biodiversity & ecology. * 44% now covered by forest - key the region more green. * Returning farmland to forestry. * Advocating organic fertilisers. * Soil quality/pollution is being monitored.

Answer 103

-SW -Iceland & Golden Circle Route (Economic development = tourism) -environmental problems: limited space, footpath erosion and moss vandalism, as well as overcrowded streets and poor air quality, mainly caused by cruise ships and the dirty bunker fuel they use.

Answer 104

- NE of China (Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region) -Air pollution - Beijing crowned smog capital of the world in 2005. In preparation for 2008 Olympic games had to shut down industry & traffic to clean air for the event. 2023 cities in Henan province in Beijing region topped the most polluted cities list. The country has a whole has missed its air quality goals as the economy takes priority. Shanghai is experiencing rising air pollution & has exceeded the capital, this is due to coal burning, industrial dust and motor vehicles. Water pollution - the water you drink is as dangerous as the air you breathe. Shanghai - 85% of cities river water undrinkable and 56% unfit for purpose ( 2015). Beijing - 40% so polluted it is functionless. Tianjin (Port city with population of 15mn) - only 5% was useable as drinking water. Causes - sewage treatment is poor ( seeps into local rivers) and large chemical industries dump effluent into local rivers. Land pollution - China also faces the threat of desertification caused by climate change and intensive farming. The World Bank suggests that between 1970 and 2030, 800,000 km2 of fertile land in China will become arid and semi-arid, threatening food security. One environmental problem is the occurrence of desert storms. These storms bring economic activity to a complete standstill and are a threat to human health. The City of Dunhuang in the northwest of China was hit by a desert storm in July 2021. This brought strong winds and a towering cloud of dust 100 meters in height. Visibility was just 5 meters. People were told to stay indoors, businesses and schools were closed, costing the city millions. A lot of farmland in China is also toxic - caused by over farming and the intense use of fertilisers & pesticides. Land pollution is also caused by metal industries. The agricultural industries in the region also cause eutrophication. It is a huge industry which feeds 400mn in the region.

Economic activity 2 Flashcards

(128 cards)