Economic Futures In The UK Flashcards
(31 cards)
What does ‘de-industrialisation’ mean? Which ‘traditional industries’ have declined in the Uk?
The decline in manufacturing (secondary) industries in a country, e.g., steel, ships and textiles, and the growth of tertiary and quaternary industries.
How has de-industrialisation changed the UK economy?
- Fewer people work in factories as machines have replaced people in some factories, and others have closed due to competition from NEEs like China and India, which can produce goods more cheaply.
- More people work in the tertiary (service) sector and in the quaternary sector.
How have government policies affected the UK economy?
- In the past, government spending supported traditional industries such as coal, steel, and rail.
- Now, the government supports tertiary and quaternary industries, seeing services and the financial and high-tech sectors as key to economic growth.
What is meant by a ‘post-industrial economy’?
A post-industrial economy is where manufacturing industry declines and is replaced by growth in the service sector and the development of the quaternary sector.
Which industries are part of a post-industrial economy?
Growth industries include Information Technology (e.g., Microsoft), services (e.g., hair and beauty), finance (e.g., HSBC), and research (e.g., BioNTech).
What are the main features of a science park?
- A group of scientific and technology-based businesses located on a single site
- Often linked to universities (e.g., York Science Park)
- located on open, green field sites with good access.
What are the main features of a business park?
- A group of businesses located on one site that may be related to one another, benefiting from proximity (e.g., Cobalt Business Park in Newcastle).
- They are located on the outskirts of cities near good transport links and close to housing estates. (Near to workforce)
How can traditional manufacturing industries negatively affect the environment?
- Traditional manufacturing industries, such as steel or oil refining, tend to be polluting and can include the use of toxic chemicals.
- Waste is discharged into rivers or the sea, and chimneys can emit toxic fumes causing health issues.
- Can cause land, water, air and visual pollution
What efforts is Teesside making to become a more sustainable industrial center?
Teesside is reducing emissions and investing in green energy.
What new facilities have opened in Teesside to promote sustainability?
A new energy from waste plant has opened, which generates energy from burning non-recyclable waste,
A new biomass power plant at Wilton has opened to burn wood from sustainable forests.
What renewable energy project has been developed in Teesside?
An offshore windfarm of 27 turbines has been built.
Name a rural area that has experienced population growth.
Hambleton in North Yorkshire, north of York, includes Thirsk.
What factors contribute to the attractiveness of Hambleton for commuters?
It is near the A1 and east coast main railway line, and close to Leeds and York, allowing commuters to live in a rural area but work in a city.
Near to Yorkshire Moors and Yorkshire Dales - attractive scenery
What social changes have occurred in Hambleton due to population growth?
Bus services declined due to a high number of commuters with cars, leaving those without cars isolated,
younger people are forced to move away due to rising house prices because of increased demand
What economic changes have occurred in Hambleton because of population growth?
There is very limited affordable housing
A fall in people with agricultural jobs as farmland is sold for development.
Name a rural area that has experienced population decline.
Copeland in Cumbria (Lake District), next to the Irish Sea.
Why have people moved away from Copeland?
There is a limited range of jobs available leading to high unemployment, with some work in agriculture but sheep farming is poorly paid.
Poor transport links so not popular with tourists and it’s too far for commuters - an hour from nearest city (Carlisle)
What are two economic changes in Copeland due to population decline?
- Fewer people using bus services meaning they need government subsidies to keep them running. This takes
money from other services. - Wages are low and unemployment is high, so tax revenues are low. Rural poverty is a problem.
What are two improvements made in roads infrastructure in the UK?
- The £15 billion ‘Road Investment Strategy’ announced in 2014.
- Upgrades to some motorways (smart motorways) and the addition of extra lanes.
What are two improvements to rail infrastructure in the UK?
- Planned electrification of the Trans-Pennine route to decrease journey times
- HS2 high-speed rail link connecting London with Birmingham and northern cities.
What are two improvements made to ports in the UK?
- Expansion of port capacity to handle more containers.
- Development of ports to boost local economies.
What are two improvements made to airports in the UK?
- Need for a new runway in the southeast due to full existing airports.
- Pressure on regions airports to add extra runways
What is evidence of the north-south divide in the UK?
- Average weekly wages in Huddersfield were 40% lower than in London in 2014.
- Educational attainment is generally lower in the north.
What are two strategies used to reduce the north-south divide?
- Devolving more powers to regions outside London.
- The northern powerhouse to improve transport links
