Economic Geography Flashcards
(246 cards)
1
Q
Examples of ways to measure development of a country
A
GNI/ GDP per head
Birth rate
Death rate
Infant mortality
Life expectancy
People per doctor
Literacy rate
Access to safe water
HDI
2
Q
What does HDI stand for
A
Human development index
3
Q
HDI focuses on what 2 aspects of a country’s development
A
Social and economic
4
Q
What does GNI per head stand for
A
Gross National income per head
5
Q
What does GDP per head stand for
A
Gross domestic product per head
6
Q
GNI/ GDP per head meaning
A
Gross national income/ Gross domestic product per head
(Average wealth- can be used as a measure of a country’s development)
7
Q
Simple vs composite measure of development
A
Simple only consists of 1 thing, composite consists of more than 1
8
Q
What is the only composite measure of development
A
HDI
9
Q
What scale is used to measure HDI
A
0-1
0 is hell
1 is heaven
10
Q
How does HDI measure wealth
A
GNI per capita
11
Q
How does HDI measure education
A
Mean years in school
12
Q
How does HDI measure health
A
Life expectancy
13
Q
Development meaning
A
The economic and social progress and improvement of a country, (often measured by standard of living and quality of life)
14
Q
Type of measure that focuses on multiple aspects of development at the same time
A
Composite
(Single only focuses on 1 certain aspect of development e.g economic/ social)
15
Q
Relationship between GDP per head and infant mortality rate
A
As GDP (wealth) increases, infant mortality rate decreases
16
Q
5 causes of uneven development
A
Diseases
Colonialism
Lack of/ poor government
Physical geography
Weather and climate
17
Q
What is colonialism
A
The control of countries by another country
E.g where the British Empire took over Nigeria
18
Q
How colonialism causes uneven development
A
British Empire take over Nigeria and exploit their natural resources like oil in order to make money.
Means UK are more developed as they have more money whilst Nigeria who are being exploited are less developed as they have less money
19
Q
How does climate and weather cause uneven development
A
Tropical climates make work physically harder + harder for agricultural production therefore making theses countries less developed as they can’t generate as much income or produce as much food
Floods- disrupts economy + money spent on damage
Droughts- increased health issues and death rate + water shortages
Lack of rainfall- fewer water resources so more time and money spent on obtaining them
20
Q
How physical geography causes uneven development
A
Landlocked countries may find it harder to trade due to not having borders with the sea where they can import and export to other countries more easily by ship to generate money and gain resources
21
Q
How a lack of/ poor government causes uneven development
A
Corruption means less infrastructure in place, lack of education (for people to get well paid jobs and make more money in future), inability to invest, debt owed to other countries, conflict (country not working together/ can’t take advantage of foreign support)
22
Q
Limitation of using GNI per head to measure development
A
Doesn’t take into account health/ education/ social development e.g human rights as only looks at economic aspect of development
Doesn’t include money made from informal economies which can be a huge amount e.g in India
23
Q
4 Limitations of using infant mortality rate/ life expectancy/ people per doctor/ literacy rate/ access to safe water to measure development
A
Only directly measure one aspect of development not development as a whole as a country may be really developed in one aspect e.g wealth but not so much in another e.g social (human rights) like Qatar
Values used are only an average and don’t reflect variations that occur as a country isn’t necesssrily develop led to the same extent in different areas
Data can be unreliable/ out of date
Corrupt governments may falsify date to avoid embarrassment making it inaccurate
24
Q
2 limitations of using HDI to measure development
A
Complex- may be hard to get all 3 values
Some aspects still missed off e.g social (human rights) and environmental
25
Characteristics of stage 1 of demographic transition model
High birth rate (but fluctuating e.g from disease/ famine/ war)
High death rate (but fluctuating e.g from disease/ famine/ war)
Total population fairly low and stable
26
Why might the birth and death rate be slightly fluctuating in stage 1 of demographic transition model
Disease/ famine/ war
27
Characteristics of stage 2 of the demographic transition model
Death rate decreases
Birth rate remains high
Population increases
28
Which is higher in stage 2 of the DTM death rate or birth rate
Birth rate
Birth rate remains high
Death rate decreases
29
Why does population increase in stage 2 of the DTM
Birth rate stays high
Death rate decreases
30
Characteristics of stage 3 of the DTM
Birth rate rapidly drops
Death rate still decreases but at slower rate
Overall population increases but not as fast a rate
31
Characteristics of stage 4 of the DTM
Low birth rate (fluctuating e.g depending on economic situation)
Low death rate (fluctuating)
Population high and fairly stable
32
Characteristics of stage 5 of the DTM
Birth rate very low and falls below death rate
Death rate increases slightly due to aging population
Total population starts to decrease
33
At which stages of the DTM is population increasing
2 and 3
(3 is at a slower rate)
34
At which stages of the DTM is total population pretty stable
1 (overall low) and 4 (overall high)
35
At what stage of the DTM does population start to decrease
Stage 5
36
What 2 stages of the DTM have a high birth rate
1 and 2
37
In what stage of the DTM does birth rate drop rapidly
3
38
At what stages of the DTM is birth rate low
4 and 5
39
At what 2 stages of the DTM does death rate decrease
2 and 3
40
At what 2 stages of the DTM is death rate low
4 and 5 (but at 5 it's slowly increasing due to aging population)
41
At what stage of the DTM is death rate high
1
42
Name 8 strategies used to reduce the development gap
Aid
Dept relief
Fairtrade
Micro finance
Industrial development
Tourism
Foreign investment
Intermediate technology
43
What is meant by industrial development
The change in a country's economy (growth of manufacturing) leading to the multiplier effect and development
44
Nigeria location
Nigeria is located in West Africa in the northern hemisphere, just north of the equator and borders Chile (East), Benin (West) and the Atlantic ocean (south)
45
What does the green on Nigeria's national flag represent
Natural wealth
46
What does the white on Nigerias national flag represent
Peace and unity
47
Is Nigeria an LIC, NEE or HIC
NEE
48
Nigeria life expectancy
53 years
49
Nigeria GNI per head
$5,200
50
Nigeria population
210 million
51
Containerisation meaning
System of transporting and storing goods globally using standard sized containers and container ships
52
Quota meaning
A limit on the number of something
E.g limit on number of goods that can be traded between countries
53
3 things that make successful industrial development (increase in manufacturing to help economic and overall development)
1) TNCs- being able to attract big businesses to set up factories in your country and kickstart industrialism through bringing expertise into the country e.g Nike to Singapore (more people then gain skills and reliable income so that they can set up their own businesses and the process repeats with more and more people gaining incomes and high skills)
2) physical location (Being able to trade easily and successfully) e.g having good sea port in middle of shipping route like Singapore
3) Business is easy to do- Government can encourage capitalism through their laws and policies
54
2 negative consequences of industrial development (growth of manufacturing in economy)
(Environmental) Factory pollution e.g CO2 released - greenhouse gas so contributes to global warming and climate change
(Social) Workers rights- often working long 16hr shifts
55
What effect does industrial development lead to
Multiplier effect
56
1 country that developed through industrial development
Singapore
57
What development strategy did Singapore use to become one of the wealthiest countries in the world
Industrial development (economy becoming more manufacturing based, but this was heavily supported by foreign investment- see brackets)
(TNCs like Nike set up factories in Singapore and were attracted by Singapore being in a good physical location with easy access to trading routes by ship. Local people became employed and learnt expertise, skills and earnt a reliable income. These people then had enough money and skills to set up their own successful business to employ even more people so even more people could generate a high income)
58
Why did Singapore appeal to TNCs like Nike to set up their own factories there (foreign investment)
Amazing trade location so they'd be able to make lots of money easily
(Singapore is in the middle of the Malacca Strait)
59
One key TNC that helped Singapore develop through industrial development and foreign investment and foreign investment
Nike
60
How did Singapore develop through industrial development and foreign investment
Singapore government encouraged jobs to become more based off industry (manufacturing) instead of infrastructure (industrial development)
Nike (TNC) was attracted to Singapore due to its amazing trading location so they knew they would be able to make lots of money there and set up factories (this is foreign investment because Nike are putting money into setting up their factories in another country)
They employed local people and shared their expertise and knowledge
Local people were able to gain valuable skills and reliable income
With the skills they learnt and enough money local people could go and set up their own businesses
Process keeps on repeating with more and more people getting employed, getting a reliable income, gaining valuable skills etc
61
What is the Malacca Strait and why is it good for Singapore
Major shipping route between India and China that passes through Singapore
Means it is very easy for Singapore to trade with other countries and make money (is why Nike were attracted to set up factories in Singapore)
62
Name for major shipping trading route Singapore is located on
Malacca Strait
63
What is micro finance
The management of money including investing/ borrowing/ lending on a very small scale
(Doesn't always have to be money e.g they used pigs in the Pigs for peace project)
64
An example of micro finance is in the ..... where the Pigs for Peace project took place
Democratic Republic of Congo
65
Where did the Pigs for a peace project take place
Democratic Republic of Congo
66
What micro finance project took place in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Pigs for Peace
67
What was the Pigs for Peace project in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Female rural villagers were given a loan in the form of a pregnant pig (could 'borrow' the pig)
The villagers could sell the pig for money/ kill them for food/ breed them to make even more money
In this process they could kickstart their own farming business through the small amount of money they had made and then buy other animals like cows
It increased their standard of living because they could spend the income on sanitation/ sending their children to school etc
68
Benefits of Pigs for Peace project for female rural villagers who were given the pregnant pig
Improved standard of living as could spend income on sanitation/ sending children to school etc
Improved women's confidence
Improved food security
Women given valuable training on how to care for animals
Women able to build own farming business
69
Limitations of Pigs for Peace project
Only small scale- not all women given pigs so not everyone who needed it benefitted from it
There were so many pigs that their price decreased as people no longer wanted to buy them
Theft occurred
70
True or false, in micro finance the only thing that can be lent/ borrowed/ invested is money
False
It can be skills/ objects/ information too etc
E.g in the Pigs for Peace Project it was pigs not money
71
One key example of micro finance taking place
Pigs for Peace Project in the Republic of Congo
72
6 types of aid
Short term emergency
Multi- lateral
Bi- lateral
Tied/ conditional aid
Long term aid
Charitable aid
73
What is meant by short term aid
Emergency help given immediately, usually in response to a natural disaster
74
Benefit and negative of short term aid
Benefit- without the aid many people may not have survived
Negative- people become dependent on food aid
75
Which type of aid is emergency help given immediately usually in response to a natural disaster
Short term aid
76
What is multi- lateral aid
Money given to organisations like World Bank by richer governments
77
What type of aid is money given to organisations like World Bank by richer governments
Multi- lateral
78
Example of Multi- lateral aid in place
Slum sanitation project as it was part funded by USAID
79
What is Bi- lateral aid
Aid from one country/ government to another
80
What type of aid is aid given from one government/ country to another
Bi- lateral
81
What is tied/ conditional aid
Aid given with certain conditions
82
Name for aid that's given with certain conditions
Tied/ conditional aid
83
What is long term aid
Sustainable aid designed to improve resillience and help the host country to develop
84
Type of aid that's sustainable aid designed to improve the resillience of the host country
Long term aid
85
What is charitable aid
Donations generated from the public
86
Examples of forms of aid
Money
Food supplies
Shelter/ emergency supplies
Skills
Wells/ toilets
87
What is intermediate technology
Using equipment and techniques that are suitable for people in LICs to use
88
1 key example of intermediate technology
Hippo rollers- barrels of water with long handles on
89
How does hippo rollers (intermediate technology) reduce the development gap
Hippo rollers are barrels of water with long handles on so that they can easily be carried
Is effective because it's easier and quicker to collect water as it's less heavy than carrying a bucket of water on their head
So less time is spent collecting water and more time can be spent working to generate an income which can be spent on food/ water etc for a better standard of living
It is also less physically demanding so requires less energy and effort.
Their money can also be spent on goods to help certain sections of the economy grow (multiplier effect)
90
Name for intermediate technology which involves a barrel of water with a long handle on
Hippo roller
91
Why is intermediate technology better than high tech equipment in LICs
People don't have the knowledge/ skills of how to use high tech equipment like tractors so they would probably break/ cause injury
92
Why does Jamaica need tourism
It has suffered from slow growth, dept and high unemployment for a long time
93
What is the main source of employment in Jamaica
Tourism
94
How many jobs does tourism provide for people in Jamaica
200,000 jobs
95
Examples of jobs people can have in Jamaica through tourism
Transport and tourist attractions (cruise ship driver, bus driver...), shops (person at till, person who makes goods to be sold), Manufacturing, banking, cleaners, hotel staff
96
How can the income tourism creates in Jamaica further boost the economy
People spend their income in shops, services and recreation to generate even more income for others
Those employed learn new skills to be able to get better paid jobs in the future
97
Environmental benefits of tourism
Environment is cleaned up to make the area more attractive and appealing to tourists which improves health as it's more hygienic (less rubbish/ sewage on streets)
98
Why does tourism improve water and sanitation
Good sewage systems and piped clean water is put in place to ensure tourists have a good stay
Good for tourists but also good for locals who live there and can use the clean water to cook/ clean/ eat etc improving quality of life
99
What are HIPCs
Heavily indebted poor countries
(Poor countries that are in a lot of debt)
100
Name for poor countries that are in a lot of debt
Heavily indebted poor countries
(HIPCs)
101
What is meant by debt relief
When debt is cancelled out so poor countries no longer have to pay back the debt they owe
Instead they can spend the money on improving infrastructure etc
102
How many cruise ship passengers does Jamaica receive a year
2.5 million
103
What is Jamaica a case study of
How tourism can reduce the development gap
104
What is meant by Fairtrade
Where a product is made in a way that ensures the producer gets a fair price and that no one is exploited
105
3 key aspects of Fairtrade
Fair wages (have minimum price so are guaranteed certain amount of money)
Fair working conditions
Fair trade premium (extra money for a cooperative of farmers to invest into their community)
106
How does Fairtrade reduce the development gap
Fairtrade produces farmers and workers with fair wages, working conditions and prices by any Fairtrade item e.g bananas/ chocolate having the Fairtrade stamp on and being sold at a higher price. This higher price that the customer pays allows the farmer to receive a small profit which can be used to pay for nutritious food/ clean drinking water etc to improve their standard of living. They can also use the money to attend better education so that they will then be able to get a better well- paid job. The multiplier effect then occurs because they revive more money so they can start spending this money on better healthcare etc
107
Name for one key attraction in Jamaica on north coast
Ocho Rios
(Has white sand beaches, good night life, all inclusive luxury resorts)
108
One 'flaw' of tourism helping economy in Jamaica
Some money leaks back to TNCs e.g cruise companies
109
3 main reasons UK economy has changed
De- industrialisation
Globalisation
Government policies
110
3 key reasons why UK has undergone deindustrialisation
Developments in technology- people no longer needed for manufacturing as machines can do the work
Competition from overseas- some big manufacturing companies like Peugeot can't compete with the cheaper labour in China and Malaysia
Growth in tertiary and quaternary employment
111
3 Government policies that have contributed to the changing UK economy
Nationalisation
Privatisation
Economic rebalancing
112
Which Prime Minister supported Nationalisation
Clement Attlee
113
Which Prime Minister supported Privitisation
Margaret Thatcher
114
Which prime Minister supported economic rebalancing
Boris Johnson and Rishi Sunak
115
What government policy did Clement Attlee have
Nationalisation
116
Which government policy did Margaret Thatcher have
Privatisation
117
Which government policy did Boris Johnson and Rishi Sunak have
Economic rebalancing
118
What is meant by nationalisation
When the government takes ownership of some key businesses and runs them for the benefit of the country
(Government buys and runs businesses)
119
Government policy where the government takes ownership of some key businesses and runs them for the benefit of the country
Nationalisation
120
One downside of nationalisation
Companies don't always provide effective services as the Government will support them no matter what
121
Companies won't always provide effective services as the government will support them no matter what is a downside to which government policy
Nationalisation
122
What is privatisation
When a business that is owned by the government (nationalisation) is sold to an individual to run privately themselves
123
Government policy where a business that is owned by the government is sold to an individual to run privately themselves
Privatisation
124
What is economic rebalancing
Changing the economy to one that's more varied and balanced and isn't dependent on just one industry or region (e.g not just dependent on the tertiary (services) sector)
125
Government policy involving changing the economy to one that's more varied and balanced and isn't dependent on just one industry or region
Economic rebalancing
126
What is a private shareholder
Anyone that can buy a (tiny) part of a company
127
3 government policies to try and rebalance the economy
More investment into manufacturing industries
Encourage global firms to locate within the UK
Improve transport infrastructure
128
What is globalisation
The process of creating a more connected world with international movement of people, goods and ideas
129
Globalisation is the process of creating a more connected world with international movement of what 3 things
Movement, people, goods
130
Examples of globalisation in culture
TVs allow people to see what others have in different parts of the world and can be influenced by them
Goods/ services are altered to meet the wants and needs of local communities e.g McDonalds primarily selling veggie burgers in India
131
Examples of globalisation in politics
UN is a global, universal organisation that brings countries together
Global governance is where multiple nations act together in matters that effect the entire world
E.g The Paris Agreement where 195 countries met to discuss ways to help limit contribution to climate change to improve environmental situation
132
Examples of globalisation in social aspects
Globalisation allows fashion/ music/ news and more to travel quickly around the world
Social media drives international connection between friends and family
Transport advancements allow more people to travel/ migrate/ connect
133
Globalisation examples in economics
Better transport enables global trade like container ships
TNCs import and export across borders
E.g McDonalds operates in 119 countries
134
How many different countries does McDonalds operate in
119
135
3 reasons why industrial developments in the UK are less polluting than inLICs/ NEEs
Stricter government regulations
Wealth
Educated public
136
Why does stricter government regulations mean industrial development in the UK is less polluting than in LICs/ NEEs
Strict rules are put in place to prevent pollution and organisations like The Environment Agency police the area
137
Certain organisations like what police the area to help prevent pollution in industrial developments in the UK
The Environment Agency
138
Why does the UK's wealth mean industrial developments here are less polluting than in LICs/ NEEs
We can invest in cleaner technology including switching to renewable energy and put desulphurisation in place (sulphur dioxide is cleaned out of gas emissions)
139
Why does an educated public mean industrial developments in the UK are less polluting than in LICs/ NEEs
An educated public will protest against environmental polluters and put pressure on businesses and government to not pollute or else they may boycott the business
140
An example of a modern industrial development in the UK that's more environmentally sustainable
Nestle
141
Where is Nestle located
In Fawdon, on the outskirt of Newcastle upon Tyne, North of England on the East Coast
142
Nestlé is located in F...
Fawdon
143
Nestlé is located in Fawdon on the outskirts of...
Newcastle Upon Tyne
144
How many strategies did Nestle use to ensure their industrial development was environmentally sustainable
3
145
What is Nestle a mini case study of
How modern industrial developments are becoming more environmentally sustainable
146
What do Nestle Manufacture
Confectionary e.g rolo, matchmakers, toffee crisp, fruit pastels, munchies
147
What 3 strategies did Nestle use to ensure their industrial development was environmentally sustainable
Anaerobic digester
Solar panels
Greener transport
148
How are Nestle using greener transport
Encourage employees to switch to EVs
Provide on site EV charging points
Partner with Nissan to provide discounts on EVs
Have switched company vehicles to EVs/ hybrid
149
Nestlé encourage employees to switch to which type of vehicle
Electric vehicles (EVs)
150
Nestlé encourage employees to switch to EVs by doing what 2 things
Providing on site charging points
Partner with Nissan to get discounts on EVs
151
How does the anaerobic digester work in Nestle
Residue (unwanted crumbly bits of chocolate + waste water) is processed to make a chocolate soup
Chocolate soup put in huge tank with bacteria that feed on it and break it down into natural gas, a cleaner liquid and solid
Gas burnt to generate 6% of their electricity
152
What is the residue for the anaerobic digester in Nestle
Unwanted crumbly bits of chocolate + waste water
153
What % of electricity does the anaerobic generator in Nestle generate (methane is obtained at the end of the process)
6%
154
Nestlé has the largest what installation in the North East of England
Solar panel installation
155
Who has the largest solar panel installation in the north east of England
Nestlé
156
Nestlé has the largest solar panel installation in the...
North East if England
157
Surrey Research park contributes to over what % of Guildfords economy
10%
158
How many businesses are on Surrey Research Park
203
159
What is a science Park
A collection of scientific and technical knowledge- based businesses located on a single site
160
What makes Surrey Research appealing for employees
Attractive environment- located next to forested area, also boosts wellbeing and makes a food picnic spot
Located right next to Surrey Sports Park- workers can benefit from their facilities
Easy access- located just off A3 road
Very close to Guildford town centre
Very close to supermarket
Very close to Surrey University- appealing to graduates and the 2 can work close together
161
What is meant by the North- South divide
The cultural and economic differences between the North and South of the UK
The south is generally more developed with higher standards of living, longer life expectancy, higher income, higher house prices and more congestion but less happiness than the South
162
Which out of the North and South of the UK is generally more developed
South
163
Why is there a north- south divide in the UK
During the Industrial Revolution, the UK's growth centred around the North e.g Manchester with heavy industries like coal fields and engineering thriving there
Since the 1970s many of these industries have declined leading to unemployment
Meanwhile London and the South East have developed rapidly due to a fast growing service sector with London being a major global financial centre
164
Why the North of the UK is less developed
Relied on heavy industries like coalfields and engineering to generate lots of income e.g in Manchester
Since 1970s these industries have declined leading to unemployment
165
Why might coalfields have declined in the North e.g in Manchester since the 1970s
Alternative sources of energy have been introduced so no longer have demand for them
166
London is well developed due to a fast growing what sector
Service sector
167
Average house price in North compared to south of UK
South is nearly double North
168
What is an enterprise zone
Areas where businesses group together to benefit from better services
169
What is a local enterprise partnership (LEP)
Partnership between business and councils to support business needs
170
An LEP is a partnership between who and who to support business needs
Businesses and councils
171
2 places money has come from to support the north
Foreign investment
UK governmnet
172
Name for government strategy hoping to financially support the north and reduce north south divide
Northern Powerhouse
173
What is the 'Northern Powerhouse' strategy and how will it help reduce the north- south divide
Where government will coordinate investment of money to develop the wealth and influence of London and the south across the north +develop economies of major northern cities (Liverpool/ Manchester)
174
Why will improving transport infrastructure help support the North
HS2 high speed rail service into London means people can access high paid jobs more easily and quickly to increase their wealth
175
How will improving internet speeds help support the north
More productive working from home and flexible working
Businesses can sell service products and market them more easily
More appealing to businesses to locate somewhere with good internet access- faster and productive communications + selling of products
176
When did post industrial economies emerge in the UK
1970s
177
Post industrial economy meaning (has happened in UK since 1970s)
Period of growth following decline of manufacturing where economy shifts to being based around services, information and research including developing into the quaternary sector
178
A post industrial economy is the period of growth following the decline of what
Manufacturing
179
A post industrial economy shifts to being based around what 3 things
Services
Information
Research
180
4 key improvements/ new developments in transport
A303 (development in roads)
HS2 (development in rail)
Heathrow (expansion of airports)
L2 Docks (expansion of Ports)
181
4 reasons why rural landscapes are changing
Counter urbanisation (more people living in rural areas)
European immigration (more people living in rural areas + they take up jobs)
Economic changes (e.g growth of tourism, decrease in farming)
Ageing population (means there are more elderly based services like care homes)
182
Rural area facing population growth in UK
South Cambridgeshire
183
Rural area facing population decline in the UK
Outer Hebrides
184
Why South Cambridgeshire population is increasing
People move out of Cambridge and London to countryside to enjoy different pace of life
185
Why The Outer Hebrides population is decreasing
Outward migration- people move away in search of better paid employment
186
2 social impacts of increasing population in South Cambridgeshire
80% of people in area own cars and depend on them for transport- more congestion
Greater ethnic diversity
Wealthy people move out of London (including elderly people) leading to gentrification so the area becomes a grey pound with more money being spent on high quality services and entertainment e.g cinemas and restaurants so improves people's quality of life making them happier and giving them better mental well-being and happiness
187
2 economic impacts of increasing population in South Cambridgeshire
Greater demand for leisure and recreational facilities e.g gold course so more employment opportunities available
Large number of elderly people with pensions/ retirement money can spend it to boost local economy- 'grey pound' so opportunity for entrepreneurs to start businesses
This also means that house prices increase so some people have to move out of the area as they can no longer afford to live there
188
1 social impact of population decline in Outer Hebrides
Growth in proportion of elderly people living in area- creates a more peaceful and cheaper living environment
As services close down because there is no longer the demand for them so young people move elsewhere to find jobs
189
2 economic impacts of population decline in Outer Hebrides
Younger people leave area for better education and more employment opportunities (less working age people around to take on jobs)
Local services like primary schools and playgrounds forced to close down as no longer a demand for them
190
Aim for A3O3 road development
Widen road to reduce traffic congestion and increase productivity
191
Name for where local villages near Stone Henge are used as route for diverted traffic
Rat Runs
192
Cost of A3O3 road development
£2 billion
193
Facts about A3O3 road development
Widen A3O3 to reduce traffic congestion and increase productivity
Single carriageway becomes dual carriageway
Costs £2 billion
Creates hundreds of construction jobs
3km tunnel dug beneath Stone Henge
CPO- some forced to sell their homes
Local villages no longer used as 'rat run' for diverted traffic
Major disruption
194
Facts about Heathrow airport expansion
3rd runway to be built opening 2026
Noise concerns from locals over new runway
Increase passenger numbers so more tourism and easier to do business
Promote London as global transport hub
Cargo increases- better imports and exports
More CO2 emissions
Creates 180,000 new jobs/ apprenticeships
195
Plan for Heathrow airport expansion
Build 3rd runway opening 2026
196
When is Heathrow 3rd runway meant to open
2026
197
Key reason Heathrow 3rd Runway is still to be built
Environmental concerns as will lead to huge CO2 emissions
+ covid saw less people travelling
198
How many jobs/ apprenticeships will Heathrow airport expansion create
180,000
199
Where is L2 Docks
Liverpool
200
Who is head of the Commonwealth
King Charles 3rd (current King)
201
Year Commonwealth was formed
1949
202
How many countries are part of the Commonwealth
56
203
Purpose/ mission of Commonwealth
Developed Nations like the UK help support nations impacted by colonial empires to advance socially, economically and improve human rights
204
How do the Commonwealth promote sports
Commonwealth Games every 4 years
205
Country that's head of Commonwealth
UK
206
Examples of countries part of Commonwealth
UK, New Zealand, Australia, India, Nigeria...
207
What does BREXIT stand for
British exit of the EU
208
3 key arguments for BREXIT (why we should leave the EU)
Put in more than we get out
England blamed for lots of problems
High membership cost including cost if bureaucracy- we have little control over where the money goes
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3 key arguments arguments against BREXIT (why we shouldn't leave)
Prevents wars
Sense of loyalty (feel part of EU)
Macro- economic (large scale) benefits
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What does the EU stand for
Economic Union
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What is an economic Union
A group of countries who trade freely with each other in a common market with no tariffs/ quotas/ complicated restrictions.
Member countries have common policies on product regulation, freedom of movement of good, services, people and money and a common trade policy with countries outside of the Union
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Year UK joined EU
1973
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What is the UK's national airline and how does it help the UK connect to the wider world
BA (British Airways)
Travels to countries all across the world with the furthest destination being in South America
We can share diversity and culture + it makes it easy for business trade and tourism helping the economy
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What is the demographic transition model
A model that shows how birth and death rate as well as total population of a country change over time (it has 5 stages)
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Yoruba meaning
Ethnic group of Nigeria- over 50% of population belong to it
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Name for ethnic group of Nigeria that over 50% of the population belong to
Yoruba
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What is Boko Haram
Islamic fundamentalist group located in North Nigeria
(Terrorist organisation)
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Name for Islamic Fundamentalist group (terrorist group) located in North Nigeria
Boko Haram
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What is ECOWAS
The economic community of West African states (a trading group of countries that includes Nigeria)
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Name for trading group of countries in West Africa that includes Nigeria
ECOWAS
(economic community of west African states)
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3 key reasons why Nigeria is regionally important (important to Africa)
Wealthiest member of ECOWAS (trading group in West Africa)- economically important
Largest film industry in Africa (Nollywood)- culturally important
Nigeria has over 19 million cattle (the largest number in Africa)- good for economy and food security
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2 key reasons why Nigeria is globally important
Provides 2.5% of world's oil
5th largest contributor to UN peacekeeping missions in the world (trying to maintain international peace and security across the world)
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What is Nigerias climate/ physical geography like
Tropical grassland (centre)
Sahara desert in very north east tip
Rainforest in south
Low rainfall, cattle grazed, grow crops like cotton
South
Little cattle due to tsetse fly
Lots of Forest with crops grown like cocoa
High rainfall and temperatures
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Which part of Nigeria has most cattle and why
North
South suffers with tsetse fly which transmits a lethal parasite
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Which part of Nigeria is Semi- desert (on edge of Saharan desert)
North East tip
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Compare crops grown in north to south of Nigeria
North= cotton
South= cocoa
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Which part of Nigeria has more rainfall, north or south
South
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Nigeria's economy has changed from being primarily based off what to becoming more equally based off what
Agriculture
Agriculture, services and industry (manufacturing)
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4 key benefits of the growth of manufacturing in Nigeria (this leads to economic development)
As Industries grow- more employed so tax increases and Government can invest into healthcare, education, infrastructure etc
Growing manufacturing sector attracts foreign investment- stimulates further economic growth as as people with great knowledge and expertise are brought into the country and can pass these on to Nigerians to kickstart their own business
Producing more manufacturing goods means less need to import foreign goods- is cheaper
Improves standard of living, not just through having more money but through the products produced e.g cement which is a stronger housing material
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4 key things that attract TNCs like Shell to set up factories in Nigeria and increase the manufacturing sector
Lack of environmental laws
Cheap labour (workers get paid less)
Cheap (and lots of) raw materials
Tax free incentive (have to pay less tax to Nigeria for having their business there compared to in other countries)
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What is a TNC (Transnational corporation)
A large company operating across 2 or more countries
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2 advantages of TNC (Shell) operating in host country (Nigeria)
Creates employment- provides employment for 2700 people in Nigeria
Provides energy for the 75% of the population that aren't connected to the National grid and otherwise wouldn't get electricity etc
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2 disadvantages of TNC (Shell) operating in host country (Nigeria)
TNCs take advantage of weak environmental regulations and pollute environment- oil spills from pipelines cause water contamination and contaminate soils- harms ecosystems + reduces agricultural production + reduces fishing yield in Niger Delta
Nigeria don't receive the profits, instead they are returned to the UK (country of origin)- when Nigeria get the oil they don't have the refineries in place to be able to process the oil into petrol and diesel. Instead they send the oil back to the UK etc for this to be done but get given it back at a much higher price
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What is meant by trade balance
The difference between imports and exports in trading
(E.g if more is exported (sold) than they import then the country will make a profit known as trade surplus but if they import more than they are able to export they will lose money (trade deficit))
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Trade deficit vs trade surplus
Trade deficit = a country imports more than it exports (buys more than it sells so loses money)
Trade surplus= a country exports more than they import (sell more than they buy so make money)
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Is Nigeria in a trade deficit or surplus
Deficit (more imported than exported)
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One key example of how aid helped Nigeria to develop
Nets for life project
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What was the 'nets for life project' in Nigeria
Nigeria received multi- lateral aid in the form of mosquito nets to help prevent illness from malaria
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How many nets did the 'nets for life' programme in Nigeria provide
63 million
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Limitations of aid given in 'nets for life project' in Nigeria (2 mosquito nets per household + education on how to use them)
Not everyone got a nets only 80% of population and 2 per household
Don't prevent day time bites
Nets can become damaged making them less effective
Could cause skin irritation/ allergic reaction
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Example of one of the 3 organisations that provided multi- lateral aid to Nigeria via the 'nets for life' project
World Bank
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What development strategy is Shell in Nigeria an example of
Foreign investment
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A local enterprise business (LEP) is where businesses partner with councils to...
Meet the business needs
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A local enterprise business (LEP) is where businesses partner with councils to...
Meet the business needs
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What is it called where people are forced by government to sell their homes e.g in A303 road development
CPO
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What is it called where people are forced by government to sell their homes e.g in A303 road development
CPO
