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Flashcards in Economies Deck (21)
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1
Q

Subsistence (Economic) Systems

A

The patterns of production, distribution, and consumption that members of a society employ to ensure the satisfaction of their basic material survival needs.

2
Q

Food collectors

A

Those who gather, fish, or hunt for food

3
Q

Food producers

A

Those who depend on domesticated plants and/or animals for food

4
Q

5 modes of production

A

Foraging, Horticulture, Pastoralism, Agriculture, Industrialism

5
Q

Effects of globalization

A

– Foragers: routinely under attack and being pushed further into ‘inhospitable’ land
- Horticulture: amount of available land to produce food in this manner becomes more strained
-Pastoralism: The animals herded, raised and butchered in this mode of production can be exported out of their original region, and wool from sheep
-Agriculture:Through agriculture food can be grown or raised in surplus, and sent around globally as well as drugs (legal and illegal)
Industrialism: Many cultural aspects are spread, especially through technological means

6
Q

Mode of Consumption

A

Patterns of using things up or spending resources to satisfy demands in different societies
Minimalism vs. Consumerism
• Wanting what you need vs. wanting as an end in itself
– Personalized vs. Depersonalized Consumption
• Knowing where things come from in contrast to the
consumption of anonymous goods

7
Q

5 types of consumption funds

A

1) Basic Needs – food, shelter etc
2) Recurrent Costs – repair of tools, animals,
maintenance of shelter
3) Entertainment – for leisure activities
4) Ceremonial – for social events and rituals
5) Rent and tax – payments to landowners and
governments

8
Q

Modes of exchange

A

Distribution of material goods in ways that are in accordance with a culture’s basic values, institutions, and assumptions: Reciprocity, Redistribution, Market Exchange

9
Q

Foraging

A
  • Based on using food provided by nature: Gathering, fishing, hunting
  • Maintains balance between resources and lifestyle
  • Relies upon large areas of land and spatial mobility
  • Most contemporary foragers live in what are considered marginal areas such as deserts, tropical rainforests, circumpolar region
  • Temperate-region – minimal gender-based division
  • Circumpolar-region – large gender-based division
10
Q

Small Scale Foraging

A

Involves hunting animals and gathering seeds,

roots, berries, leafy greens, etc.

11
Q

Complex Foraging

A

Comprised of more advanced ways of foraging involving the domestication of animals and advanced technology

12
Q

Horticulture

A

• Depends on the domestication of plants and animals

  • The cultivation of domesticated crops in gardens using hand tools
  • Increases likelihood of sedentary settlement
  • Extensive strategy - population density is still low
  • Children work more in horticultural groups than any other type of economy
  • Gender roles very clearly defined
13
Q

Pastoralism

A

• Based on the domestication of animal herds and the
use of their products
-Groups move to where there is pasture- continual
need for fresh land - cultural value of mobility
-Little overlap between male and female tasks

14
Q

Agriculture

A

• Intensive strategy of food production
– More labour, use of fertilizers, control of water supply, use of animals
-Allows for permanent settlements and higher population density
• Increased occupational specialization

15
Q

Main Types of Agriculture

A
  • Family-farming: large families, clear gender roles, land rights, class distinctions
  • Plantation: concentrated ownership, hired labor, inequality, poor social welfare
  • Industrial: capital-intensive, machines vs. humans, more energy, decline of family farm
16
Q

Industrialism

A
  • The production of goods through mass employment in commercial and manufacturing operations
  • Goods produced satisfy consumer demand
17
Q

Entitlement Bundles

A

Socially defined rights to life-sustaining resources

  • Direct: most secure, owning land, foraging societies
  • Indirect: least secure, welfare cheques, industrial societies
18
Q

3 Levels of Entitlement

A

1) Global: Some countries are more secure in global economy than other countries
2) National:Those with direct entitlements may be more secure than those with only indirect entitlements
3) Household: Some members are more secure

19
Q

Reciprocity

A

1) Generalized: Those who exchange do so without expecting an immediate return – expect that it will eventually become balanced
2) Balanced: Those who exchange expect a return of equal value within a specified time limit
3) Negative: An exchange of good or services in which at
least one party attempts to get something for nothing without suffering any penalties

20
Q

Redistribution

A

A mode of exchange in which a centralized social organization receives contributions from all members of the group and redistributes them in a way that provides for every member

21
Q

Market Exchange

A

A mode of exchange in which the exchange of goods (trade) is calculated in terms of a multi-purose medium of exchange and standard of value (money) and carried on by means of a supply-demand-price mechanism (the market)