Economy

Question 1

What type of economy is described in the text?

Answer 1

Agrarian economy

An agrarian economy is primarily based on agriculture and farming.

Question 2

What were the two zones in England mentioned?

Answer 2

Growing zone and pastoral zone

The growing zone focused on crops, while the pastoral zone focused on livestock.

Question 3

What is the open field system?

Answer 3

A landholding system predominating in lowland England where tenants farmed strips of land in open fields

This system allowed tenants to have common rights to use common land.

Question 4

What does ‘common rights’ refer to?

Answer 4

The legal right of tenants to use common land, such as for keeping animals

Common rights were crucial for the agricultural practices of the time.

Question 5

What is enclosure?

Answer 5

The process of enclosing fields with fences, impacting the open field system

Enclosure became increasingly common in the 16th century.

Question 6

True or False: The open field system allowed for the exclusive use of land by individual tenants.

Answer 6

False

The system was characterized by shared use of land among tenants.

Question 7

Fill in the blank: The _______ system was a form of landholding that involved tenants farming strips of land in open fields.

Answer 7

open field

Question 8

What types of products were produced in the pastoral zone?

Answer 8

Milk, eggs, wool, and meat

These products were derived from the rearing of animals.

Question 9

What was the role of overseas trade in the agrarian economy?

Answer 9

It contributed to population growth and economic development

As trade expanded, it influenced agricultural practices and land use.

Question 10

What was the impact of enclosure on rural England?

Answer 10

Enclosure led to fewer people employed and evicted those who could not prove rights to graze common land

Enclosure increased productivity but negatively affected the poor.

Question 11

What was the purpose of leaving one third of the land fallow in open-field farming?

Answer 11

To allow the land to recover

This practice was part of the traditional farming method.

Question 12

What were the two key methods to increase profit from land during this period?

Answer 12

Engrossing and enclosure

Engrossing involved amalgamating small farm units into larger ones.

Question 13

Define engrossing in the context of agriculture.

Answer 13

Amalgamating small farm units into a larger one.

Question 14

What trend in farming profitability influenced the push for enclosure?

Answer 14

An increase in farm prices and the growing profitability of wool.

Question 15

What was a consequence of enclosure for peasants?

Answer 15

Loss of access to land and common rights, often leading to destitution.

Question 16

When did the process of enclosure become more widespread?

Answer 16

In the first part of the 1500s.

Question 17

True or False: The efficiency gains from enclosure benefited all classes equally.

Answer 17

False

Efficiency gains came at a price for peasants.

Question 18

What moral and political reactions did enclosure create?

Answer 18

A moral outcry and political pressures which were difficult to contain.

Question 19

What was the relationship between the wool and cloth trades and sheep farming?

Answer 19

They made sheep farming relatively more profitable.

Question 20

How did open-field farming compare in efficiency to enclosed farming?

Answer 20

Open-field farming was not efficient.

Question 21

Fill in the blank: The changes brought by enclosure led to greater productivity but at the expense of _______.

Answer 21

poor people.

Question 22

What was the general state of English agriculture at the end of the 15th and beginning of the 16th century?

Answer 22

No significant changes.

Question 23

What percentage of the value of English exports was attributed to the cloth trade?

Answer 23

About 90%

This highlights the significance of the cloth trade in the English economy.

Question 24

What was the primary factor for the increase in cloth exports during the last quarter of the century?

Answer 24

An increase in the volume of cloth exports by 60%

This indicates a substantial growth in the cloth trade during that period.

Question 25

From which locations was the bulk of cloth exported?

Answer 25

East-coast posts such as Ipswich, Colchester, and Yarmouth ## Footnote These towns played a crucial role in the cloth export trade.

Question 26

What dominated the cloth trade, leading to the development of weaving, fulling, and dyeing?

Answer 26

Finished cloth ## Footnote The focus on finished cloth transformed domestic processes into commercial enterprises.

Question 27

What opportunities did the cloth industry provide for rural areas?

Answer 27

Supplemental agrarian incomes ## Footnote The cloth industry created additional employment opportunities for rural workers.

Question 28

Name two prosperous cloth towns mentioned in the text.

Answer 28

* Lavenham in Suffolk * Lewes in Sussex ## Footnote These towns thrived due to the cloth trade.

Question 29

Which historic cities suffered significant decay due to the movement of the cloth industry?

Answer 29

* Winchester * Lincoln ## Footnote The cloth industry shifted focus to newer manufacturing centers.

Question 30

Which organization dominated the cloth trade and helped negotiate the Intercursus Magnus?

Answer 30

Merchant Adventurers ## Footnote They were the most powerful English business organization of the time.

Question 31

What was the significance of Antwerp in relation to the English cloth trade?

Answer 31

Established a commercial axis with London ## Footnote Antwerp was a key shipping point for English cloth to Europe.

Question 32

What prevented the complete domination of trade by the Merchant Adventurers?

Answer 32

Trading privileges of the Hanseatic League ## Footnote The Hanseatic League was a powerful commercial union in northern Europe.

Question 33

In which years were the trading privileges of the Hanseatic League reasserted by treaty?

Answer 33

1474 and 1504 ## Footnote These treaties were significant for maintaining the Hanseatic League's commercial influence.

Question 34

True or False: The Hanseatic League's privileges were reasserted to ensure they supported the Yorkist claimant to the throne.

Answer 34

True ## Footnote This was a strategic move by Henry to protect English interests.

Question 35

What type of operations were most industrial activities during this time?

Answer 35

Small scale craft operations ## Footnote Examples include weaving and brewing, which required little capital investment.

Question 36

Which areas were known for mining tin?

Answer 36

Comora ## Footnote Tin was mined in Comora, while other minerals were mined in various upland areas.

Question 37

What was the primary use of coal mined in Durham and Northumberland?

Answer 37

Domestic and industrial fuel ## Footnote Much of the coal was shipped from Newcastle to meet demands in London.

Question 38

What was the Crown's primary interest in trade during Henry VI's reign?

Answer 38

Maximising customs revenues ## Footnote However, he was willing to sacrifice trade for dynastic security.

Question 39

What significant trade restriction did Henry impose in 1493?

Answer 39

Embargo on trade with the Netherlands ## Footnote This was in response to the support for Perkin Warbeck by Margaret of Burgundy.

Question 40

What was the result of the embargo on trade with the Netherlands?

Answer 40

Merchants had to trade through Calais ## Footnote This led to retaliation from the Netherlands.

Question 41

What treaty ended the embargo with the Netherlands?

Answer 41

Intercursus Magnus ## Footnote The terms of the treaty were still debated two years later.

Question 42

What did Henry attempt to do in 1503 regarding trade with Burgundy?

Answer 42

Reimpose the embargo ## Footnote This was due to fears around the claim of the Earl of Suffolk.

Question 43

What treaty did Henry negotiate in 1506?

Answer 43

Intercursus Malus ## Footnote Although its full terms were never imposed, it was considered too harsh on Burgundy.

Question 44

What was the significance of the Treaty of Etaples of 1492?

Answer 44

Encouraged Anglo-French commercial relations ## Footnote It aimed to remove some trading restrictions imposed earlier.

Question 45

What was the outcome of Henry's attempt to break into Mediterranean trade?

Answer 45

Dismal failure ## Footnote This highlighted weaknesses in trading policy.

Question 46

What did the Navigation Acts of 1485 and 1489 aim to achieve?

Answer 46

Encourage English shipping ## Footnote They stipulated that only English ships should carry certain products to and from English ports.

Question 47

What era of exploration is associated with the 15th century?

Answer 47

A great era of European exploration ## Footnote This period saw significant exploration efforts by Spanish and Portuguese explorers.

Question 48

Which country was particularly engaged in the spice trade during the 15th century?

Answer 48

Portugal ## Footnote Portuguese explorers were heavily involved in the spice trade during this era.

Question 49

What was the role of Bristol merchants in transatlantic discovery?

Answer 49

Interested in exploration possibilities ## Footnote Bristol merchants were rumored to have discovered transatlantic routes before 1465.

Question 50

Who was John Cabot?

Answer 50

A merchant from Genoa who arrived in Bristol in 1495 ## Footnote Cabot was authorized by Henry VII to explore unknown lands.

Question 51

What did John Cabot discover in 1497?

Answer 51

Newfoundland ## Footnote He reported the existence of extensive fishing grounds there.

Question 52

What authorization did Cabot receive from Henry VII?

Answer 52

To search for unknown isles, countries, regions, or provinces ## Footnote This included lands inhabited by 'heathens and infidels'.

Question 53

What happened during Cabot's second voyage?

Answer 53

He never returned ## Footnote Cabot's fate after the second voyage remains unknown.

Question 54

Did John Cabot set foot on the American mainland?

Answer 54

Almost certain he did not ## Footnote However, he established that a substantial land mass existed nearby.

Question 55

Who is believed to have reached the American mainland in 1499?

Answer 55

William Weston ## Footnote He was a Bristol merchant who may have reached the mainland before others.

Question 56

What did Sebastian Cabot attempt in 1508?

Answer 56

To find the 'north-west passage' to Asia ## Footnote This attempt was unsuccessful and marked a decline in English exploration.

Question 57

What happened to English exploration of the north Atlantic after Henry VIII's accession?

Answer 57

It tailed off ## Footnote Henry VIII had little interest in supporting exploration efforts.

Question 58

Which regions dominated the newly discovered fishing grounds after Cabot's discoveries?

Answer 58

Seamen from Portugal and the Basque region of northern Spain ## Footnote These groups maintained control over the fishing areas for a long time.

Question 59

What is suggested about the extent of prosperity and depression in the final years of the 15th century?

Answer 59

There is relatively little evidence to estimate the extent of prosperity and depression.

Question 60

What happened to prices in the 1480s?

Answer 60

There was a temporary rise in prices.

Question 61

What trend did wages follow during the final years of the 15th century?

Answer 61

Wages seem to have remained steady.

Question 62

What was observed regarding the export price of wool in the 1490s?

Answer 62

There was a decline in the export price of wool.

Question 63

What implication does the decline in the price of grain and animal products have?

Answer 63

It might imply a reduction in farming profitability but also rising real incomes for domestic consumers.

Question 64

How were building workers and agricultural labourers affected during the 1490s?

Answer 64

They were, on the whole, better off than at any other time during the Tudor period.

Question 65

How is the economic stability during Henry VII's reign characterized?

Answer 65

It was a period of relative economic stability, apart from temporary disruptions to trade.

Question 66

What was the economic situation during Henry VII's reign compared to Edward IV's reign?

Answer 66

There was little differentiation economically from Edward IV's reign.

Question 67

What was the primary basis of the economy during Henry VII's reign?

Answer 67

The economy remained firmly based on agriculture.

Question 68

What attempts did Henry VII make regarding trade?

Answer 68

He made attempts to encourage English trade.

Question 69

What was debatable regarding Henry VII's influence on trade?

Answer 69

How much influence his attempts to encourage trade had is debatable.

Question 70

What prevailed over commercial interests when they clashed?

Answer 70

Dynastic interests always prevailed over commercial interests.