Economy

Question 1

Provisioning requirement

Answer 1

• Setting aside a portion of profits, in proportion of
risk weighed loans given, to compensate a
probable loss due to incomplete loan recovery is
called provisioning.
• Like Capital Conservation Buffer (CCB) & CAR requirements, provisioning is one of the contingency measures to contain risk.
• Different types of assets have different risk profiles
e.g. Government debt has 0% risk weight
• A high-risk weight discourages lending by increasing the capital requirement for lenders.

Question 2

procyclical nature of lending

Answer 2

In business cycle theory & finance, any economic quantity that is positively correlated with the overall state of the economy is said to be procyclical. A ‘procyclical lending’ means that the banks keep the lending rates low & reduce buffers during an economic boom and therefore, promote increase in the credit uptake. Similarly, they lend less during a recession

Question 3

countercyclical nature of lending

Answer 3

• Any economic quantity that is negatively correlated with the overall state of the economy is said to be countercyclical. Under ‘countercyclical lending’, banks tend to maintain higher buffers during the period of boom, limit lending and thus ‘cool down’ the economy and stimulate the economy when it is in a downturn.
• While there is an opportunity cost in following a countercyclical policy (in not lending more while there are reserve funds), it prepares the market well for the future declines.

Question 4

BASEL norms

Answer 4

Basel Committee on Banking Supervision is an
international committee formed in 1974 to develop
standards for banking regulation.
• It consists of central bankers from 27 countries and
the European Union. It is headquartered in the
office of Bank for International Settlements (BIS)
in Basel, Switzerland.
• It developed a series of policy recommendations
known as Basel Accords, which suggested
minimum capital requirements to keep bank
solvent during the times of financial stress.

Question 5

NBFCs

Answer 5

registered under Companies Act.

It can either be deposit taking (need an RBI registration) or non-deposit taking.
• NBFCs are different from banks as:
o They can only accept time deposits and not demand deposits
o NBFCs do not form part of the payment & settlement system & cannot issue cheques to its customers
o No deposit insurance facility of Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation of India is available to depositors of NBFCs, unlike in case of banks
o In general, an NBFC is not required to maintain Reserve Ratios (CRR, SLR etc.).
However, deposit taking NBFCs are required to maintain at least 15% of its public deposits as liquid assets.
o NBFCs can deposit depositors’ money in share market unlike banks.
• NBFCs functions are regulated and supervised by RBI

Question 6

Shadow Banking System

Answer 6

• Shadow banking system includes non-bank financial intermediaries that remain outside regular banking system. The term was coined by economist Paul McCulley in 2007.
• Working structure: They have a higher cost of funding. But the lack of regulatory oversight allows them to take on more risks than banks and earn higher returns.
• Significance: They provide a valuable alternative to bank funding, specially providing credit to inaccessible areas, niche sectors, small industries etc.

Question 7

National Payment Corporation of India

NPCI

Answer 7

• It is an initiative of RBI & Indian Banks Association
(IBA) under provisions of the Payment &
Settlement Systems Act, 2007
• It is the umbrella organization for all retail
payments and settlement systems in the country.
• It also manages the UPI platform & links all the
ATMs in India.
• Other initiatives under NPCI are: BHIM, Unified
Payments Interface (UPI), RuPay, BharatQR,
Aadhaar Enabled Payment System (AePS), National
Automated Clearing House (NACH) for financial
institutions etc.

Question 8

OMBUDSMAN SCHEME FOR
DIGITAL TRANSACTIONS (OSDT)

Answer 8

• It is launched under Section 18 of Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007 which will provide a complaint redressal mechanism relating to digital transactions conducted through non-bank entities (like mobile wallets or tech enabled payment companies using UPI for settlements).
• The Ombudsman for Digital Transactions is a senior official appointed by the Reserve Bank of India (appointed for a period not exceeding 3 years at a time).

Transactions undertaken through the banking channels will still be managed by the Banking Ombudsman

Question 9

Banking Ombudsman Scheme 2006

Answer 9

The Banking Ombudsman is a quasi-judicial authority appointed by the RBI
• It aims to provide a cost-effective grievance redressal mechanism to customers.
• All Scheduled Commercial Banks, Regional Rural Banks & Scheduled Primary Cooperative Banks are covered under the Scheme.
• The complaint has to be first filed in the respective banks before approaching Ombudsman. The power of Appellate Authority, which is vested with a Deputy
Governor of the RBI.
• RBI has extended the scheme to deposit taking Non-Banking Finance Companies (NBFC).

Question 10

Digidhan Mission

Answer 10

• The government has extended the Digidhan
Mission till 2019-20 with the primary objective of
promoting digital payments as well as to increase
the acceptance of digital payment infrastructure.
• Under the Mission, new policy measures and
interventions will be proposed to design tax
incentives to promote digital payments.
• Mechanisms will be devised to monitor the
regional penetration of digital payments by geotagging
the digital payment transactions.
• The Mission is implemented by Ministry of
Electronics and Information Technology.

Question 11

Application Programming Interface Exchange

Answer 11

• Indian PM along with deputy PM of Singapore recently launched APIX.
• APIX is a banking technology platform designed to
reach two billion people worldwide who are still
without bank accounts.
• It will help people in 23 countries including the 10
ASEAN members as well as major markets such as
India, and small nations including Fiji.

Question 12

Legal Entity Identifier (LEI)

Answer 12

Reserve Bank of India has made Legal Entity Identifier (LEI) code mandatory for all market participants, other than individuals.

It is a 20 character global reference number conceived by G20 that uniquely identifies every legal entity or structure that is party to a financial transaction, in any jurisdiction.
• Internationally LEI is implemented and maintained by Global Legal Entity Identifier Foundation. In India entities can obtain LEI from Legal Entity Identifier India Ltd (LEIL) (only LOU of India), subsidiary of The Clearing
Corporation of India Ltd, recognized by RBI under Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007.
• Now, banks will report debt details along with LEI to Central Repository of Information on Large Credit. It will help the banks monitor debt exposure of corporate borrowers and will also prevent multiple loans against the same collateral, thus helping reduce NPAs.
• Moreover, it will help regulators like RBI to track global financial transactions and check money laundering.

Question 13

Global Legal Entity Identifier Foundation:

Answer 13

• It is a not-for-profit organization established by the
Financial Stability Board in June 2014.
• It is overseen by the LEI Regulatory Oversight
Committee, representing public authorities from
around the globe.
• It publishes Global LEI Index.

Question 14

Exchange Traded Fund

Answer 14

• An ETF, or exchange-traded fund, is a marketable
security that tracks a stock index, a commodity,
bonds, or a basket of assets.
• Its trading value is based on the net asset value of
the underlying stocks that it represents.
• ETF shareholders are entitled to a proportion of
the profits, such as earned interest or dividends
paid, and they may get a residual value in case the
fund is liquidated.
• ETF is different from Mutual Fund (MF) in a way
that it is traded on public stock exchanges and its
ownership can bought, sold or transferred in the
same way as stocks. This is unlike MFs where
transaction is done only by the fund manager.

Question 15

DESIGNATED OFFSHORE

SECURITIES MARKET

Answer 15

Bombay Stock Exchange has become the first
Indian exchange to be designated as a ‘Designated Offshore Securities Market’ (DOSM)
by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC).
• DOSM status allows sale of securities to US
investors through the trading venue of BSE
without registration of such securities with
the US SEC, which eases the trades by US
investors in India and also enhances the
attractiveness of Indian Depository Receipts
(IDR).
• Only a few exchanges globally enjoy the
DOSM recognition, such as London Stock
Exchange, Bourse de Luxembourg, Tokyo
Stock Exchange and Toronto Stock Exchange.

Question 16

Bombay Stock Exchange

Answer 16

It is Asia’s oldest stock exchange establishes in 1875.
• BSE’s overall performance is measured by
the Sensex, an index of 30 of the BSE’s largest stocks
covering 12 sectors.
• India INX, India’s 1st international exchange, located
at GIFT CITY IFSC in Ahmedabad is a fully owned
subsidiary of BSE.

Question 17

Indian Depository Receipts (IDR)

Answer 17

• It is a financial instrument denominated in Indian
Rupees in the form of a depository receipt created by
a Domestic Depository (registered with the SEBI
India) against the underlying equity of issuing
company to enable foreign companies to raise funds
from the Indian securities Markets.

Question 18

External Commercial Borrowings

Answer 18

It refers to commercial loans raised by eligible Indian resident entities from non-resident lenders with minimum average maturity of 3 years.
• It can be in the form of bank loans, buyers’ credit, suppliers’ credit or securitized instruments.
• ECBs are governed under the FEMA guidelines.
• They can be assessed under two routes i.e. automatic route and approval route. Generally, companies in businesses (such as hotel, hospitals and software) can access the automatic route.
• The negative list, for which the ECB proceeds cannot be utilized includes: real estate activities, investment in capital market, equity investment and repayment of Rupee loans except from foreign equity holder.

Reserve Bank recently came out with a new policy for external commercial borrowings. It allows all eligible entities to raise foreign funding under the automatic route and removes sectoral curbs.
• The list of eligible borrowers has been expanded to include all entities eligible to receive foreign direct investment (FDI).

Manufacturing firms can get ECBs up to $50 mn with minimum maturity of 1 year as compared to earlier three.

Question 19

Limited Liability Partnerships

Answer 19

It is a corporate structure whereby partners of the company are not personally liable for company’s debts & liability and can’t be held liable for another’s misconduct or negligence.
• It provides the benefits of limited liability of a company (unlike corporate shareholders, partners have the right to manage the business directly), and allows its members the flexibility of organizing their internal management, as is the case in a partnership firm.
• Foreign Direct Investment in an LLP is also allowed.
• Since laws are less stringent for LLPs, they have lower registration cost & doesn’t require compulsory audit, it is a preferred option for businesses.
• LLPs are also tax efficient as they are exempt from dividend distribution tax & minimum alternative tax.
• However, like shell companies, inactive LLPs can be used for tax evasion and money laundering. Hence, the government is now taking steps to deregister inactive LLPs.

Question 20

Masala Bonds

Answer 20

• Rupee denominated bonds issued to foreign
buyers.
• Currency risk lies with investor
• Indian companies, NBFCs, infrastructure
investment trusts and real investment trusts can
issue the bonds, with ceilings imposed on
maximum worth of issuance and pricing cap for
various tenures
• Will make rupee more lucrative in international
market and is a step towards full convertibility of
rupee

Question 21

Withholding Tax

Answer 21

• Tax levied on income (interests / dividends) from
securities owned by a non-resident entity
• Intends to check volatile trading in equity and
bond market

Question 22

ICAI (Institute of Chartered Accountants of India)

Answer 22

• Statutory body established by Chartered
Accountants Act, 1949.
• Under administrative control of Ministry of
Corporate Affairs.
• Conducts CA exams, registers qualified CAs, issues
certificates of practice etc.
• Investigates auditors of small listed companies
(other than entities notified under NFRA rule
2018)

Question 23

International Forum of Independent Audit Regulators

IFIAR

Answer 23

Independent audit regulator from 52 jurisdictions
• Aims to enhance investor protection by improving
audit quality globally
• Shares knowledge of evolving audit environment & practical experience of independent audit
regulatory activity.

Question 24

International
Financial Services Centres (IFSC) Authority Bill,
2019.

Answer 24

SEZ act provides for the establishment of an IFSC in India within an SEZ in India and enables the Central Government to regulate IFSC activities.
• Gujarat International Finance Tech-City Co. Ltd (GIFT) is being developed as the country’s first IFSC.
• IFSC has been designated for all practical purposes as a ‘deemed foreign territory’ which would have the same ecosystem as other offshore locations, but which is physically on Indian soil

Question 25

Government Saving Promotion Act

Answer 25

Government proposed creation of a new Government Saving Promotion Act during the budget (2018). • It will merge Government Savings Certificates Act, 1959 and Public Provident Fund (PPF) Act, 1968 with the Government Savings Banks Act, 1873. The move intends to remove existing ambiguities due to multiple Acts and rules in small saving schemes (SSSs) and add flexibility. • The amendments provide for: o provision of premature closure of Small Savings Schemes to deal with medical emergencies, higher education needs o guardian to invest in SSSs on behalf of minor(s) to promote culture of savings among the children o provisions of accounts for differently abled persons, which was not clear in aforesaid acts

Question 26

Small Saving Schemes (SSSs)

Answer 26

They are important source of household savings for providing social benefit. • These can be classified under three heads o Postal deposits: Savings account, recurring deposits, time deposits of varying maturities and monthly income scheme(MIS) o Savings certificates: National Small Savings Certificate & Kisan Vikas Patra (KVP). o Social security schemes: Public Provident Fund (PPF), Senior Citizens Savings Scheme (SCSS) & Sukanya Samridhi Account Scheme. Features of Small Saving Scheme • They generally offer higher interest rates compared to bank deposits • Some of the small savings schemes offer income tax benefits, assured return and government’s guarantee. • All the money pooled form different SSSs goes to National Small Savings Fund (NSSF) which was established in 1999 within the Public Account of India.

Question 27

Aaykar Setu:

Answer 27

It is an app to help users, to understand the various nuances of direct taxes, file income tax, apply for PAN, check TDS statement etc.

Question 28

Project Insight

Answer 28

It will monitor high-value transactions with use big data analytics to find out any discrepancy between a taxpayer’s income and expenses.

Question 29

Operation Clean Money

Answer 29

launched by IT Department to bring out illegal wealth. It | involved e-verification of large cash deposits using data analytics during demonetization

Question 30

Unicorn club

Answer 30

A unicorn is a privately held startup company valued at over $1 billion. The term was coined in 2013 by venture capitalist Aileen Lee, choosing the mythical animal to represent the statistical rarity of such successful ventures.

Question 31

Directorate General of Trade Remedies | DGTR

Answer 31

unified Directorate General of Trade Remedies (DGTR) has been formed for providing comprehensive and swift trade defence mechanism in India. * It would subsume the Directorate General of Anti-dumping and Allied duties, Directorate General of Safeguards and some functions of the Directorate General of Foreign Trade. * It will be the apex national authority for all trade remedial measures including antidumping, countervailing duties and safeguard measures, and would recommend Department of Revenue on the same. * The Office of DGTR will function as an attached office of Department of Commerce.

Question 32

Concessional Finance Scheme (CFS)

Answer 32

* Under it, EXIM bank supports Indian entities bidding for strategically important infrastructure projects abroad since 2015-16. * EXIM Bank extends credit at a rate not exceeding LIBOR (avg. of six months) + 100 bps. The repayment of the loan is guaranteed by the foreign govt. * Under the scheme Ministry of External Affairs selects the project, keeping in view strategic interest of India.

Question 33

GRID (Grass Roots Initiative and Development) | Initiative

Answer 33

• EXIM Bank provides financial support to promote grassroots initiatives/ technologies, particularly the ones with export potential and help the artisans/ producer groups/ clusters/ small enterprises/ NGOs realize remunerative return on their produce and facilitate exports from these units.

Question 34

Recapitalization Bonds

Answer 34

A government bond is an instrument to raise money from the market with a promise to repay the face value at the maturity date and a periodic interest. A bond issued for the purpose of recapitalisation is called recapitalisation bonds. How will recapitalization bonds work? • The government will issue recapitalization bonds, which banks will subscribe and enter it as an investment in their books. The banks will lend money to the government for subscribing the bonds. * This money raised by the government through these bonds will go back to banks as capital. This will immediately strengthen the balance-sheet of the banks and show capital-adequacy. * Since the government is always solvent, the money lent to the government for subscribing recap bonds is free from becoming a bad loan.

Question 35

EXPORT CREDIT GUARANTEE | CORPORATION (ECGC

Answer 35

• The ECGC Limited is a company wholly owned by the Government of India. It provides export credit insurance support to Indian exporters and is controlled by the Ministry of Commerce.

Question 36

WORLD CUSTOMS | ORGANIZATION

Answer 36

Recently, 80th Session of the Policy Commission Meeting of the World Customs Organization (WCO) was held in India. • WCO was established in 1952 as the Customs Co-operation Council (CCC), it’s an independent intergovernmental body whose mission is to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of Customs administrations. • It’s the only global organization which defines global standards and procedures for customs clearances at the border and their implementation. • Membership: India is a member since 1971. • In July, 2018, India became the Vice-Chair (Regional Head) of the Asia Pacific Region of WCO for a period of two years.

Question 37

NATIONAL APPRENTICESHIP | PROMOTION SCHEME

Answer 37

Government has decided to execute the National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS) in the public-private partnership mode. • Its objective is to promote apprenticeship training and incentivize employers who wish to engage apprentices. • It reimburses 25% of prescribed stipend subject to a maximum of Rs. 1500/- per month per apprentice and targets 15 lakh apprentices in 2018-2019 & 20 lakh apprentices in 2019-20. • It covers all apprentices except the Graduate, Technician and Technician (Vocational) apprentices which are covered by the scheme administered by MHRD. • It also promotes dual-learning mode of training in which theoretical instructions are given in the ITI’s while practical training is given in the industry, thus improves the connect between industry and ITI’s. • State Apprenticeship Advisers (SAAs) and Regional Directorates of Apprenticeship (RDATs) will act implementing agencies in their respective State/Regions.

Question 38

National Council for Vocational Education and Training (NCVET)

Answer 38

The Cabinet approved the merger of National Council of Vocational Training (NCVT) & National Skill Development Agency (NSDA) into National Council for Vocational Education and Training (NCVET) for improving the outcome of the Skill India mission.

Question 39

• Jan Shikshan Sansthans:

Answer 39

Vocational skill training programmes (in cutting, tailoring, food processing, welding, plumbing etc) at the door step of the beneficiaries with a minimum cost and infrastructure.

Question 40

National Level Entrepreneurship Awareness | Campaign ‘Udyam Abhilasha’:

Answer 40

Launched by SIDBI, it aims to create a cadre of 800 trainers to provide entrepreneurship training to the aspiring youth. SIDBI has partnered with Common service centres, e-Governance Services India Limited, a Special Purpose Vehicle, set up by the Ministry of Electronics and IT for implementing the campaign

Question 41

Global Skills Park:

Answer 41

International skilling institute to provide students training in world class machinery, tools & equipment. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has approved a $150 million loan to establish the first Global Skills Park in Madhya Pradesh.

Question 42

Indian Institute of Skills:

Answer 42

To be set up at different locations across the country in Public Private Partnership (PPP) mode. Provide hands-on training in advanced courses such as energy efficient construction, industrial electronics and automation etc. 1st IIS was launched in Kanpur in 2016.

Question 43

``` PM SHRAM-YOGI MAANDHAN YOJANA (PMSYM) ```

Answer 43

Ministry of Labour and Employment launched pension plan for informal workers. Objective- Providing financial security to workers from unorganized sector with adequate flexibility and exit options. Intended Beneficiaries- • Unorganized workers whose monthly income is ₹15,000/ per month or less and belong to the entry age group of 18-40 years are eligible • Should not be covered under New Pension Scheme (NPS), Employees’ State Insurance Corporation (ESIC) scheme or Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO) • Should not be an Income Tax payer features: Minimum assured pension of ₹3000 per month after age of 60 years • Beneficiary is required to make prescribed age-specific contribution from the age of joining till the age of 60 years • PMSYM is a voluntary and contributory pension scheme on a 50:50 basis, where Govt. will make a matching contribution • In case of death during the receipt of pension, spouse will receive 50% of the amount as family pension. • In case of death before 60 years, his/her spouse will be entitled to join and continue the scheme or exit the scheme. PM-SYM will be a Central Sector Scheme administered by the Ministry of Labour and Employment and implemented through Life Insurance Corporation of India and CSC eGovernance Services India Limited (CSC SPV). LIC will be the Pension Fund Manager and responsible for Pension pay out. The amount collected under PM-SYM pension scheme shall be invested as per the investment pattern specified by Government of India

Question 44

Fourth Industrial Revolution

Answer 44

World Economic Forum launched Centre for Fourth Industrial Revolution in Maharashtra, India. The Centre has selected drones, artificial intelligence and blockchain as the first three projects. • Located in Mumbai, this is the fourth such centre in the world after San Francisco, Tokyo and Beijing. • This centre has been developed in partnership with the Government of India through the NITI Aayog.

Question 45

NATIONAL RURAL ECONOMIC | TRANSFORMATION PROJECT

Answer 45

• The World Bank and the Government of India has recently signed a $250 Million Agreement for the National Rural Economic Transformation Project (NRETP). • The project is an additional financing to the $500 million National Rural Livelihoods Project (NRLP) approved by the World Bank in July 2011. • It would support enterprise development programmes for rural poor women and youth by creating a platform to access finance. It will also support youth skills development, in coordination with the Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana. Peer-to-peer learning, a successful strategy under the NRLP will also continue to be used in this project

Question 46

UN INVESTMENT PROMOTION | AWARD (IPAS)

Answer 46

Recently, Invest India was awarded United Nations Investment Promotion Award (IPA). It is an annual award given since 2002 by UNCTAD to investment promotion agencies for excellence in boosting investment helping countries meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Invest India is India’s investment promotion and facilitation agency which has been established as a non-profit venture under the Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion. It focuses on sector-specific investor targeting and development of new partnerships to enable sustainable investments in India.

Question 47

VIDYA LAKSHMI PORTAL

Answer 47

``` Vidhya Lakshmi Portal is IT-based mechanism under the Pradhan Mantri Vidya Lakshmi Karyakram to provide students a single window electronic platform for scholarships and educational loans • It aims to enable all poor and middle-class students to pursue higher education of their choice without any constraint of funds. • It has been developed and being maintained by .e-Governance Infrastructure Limited under the guidance of the Department of Financial Services, Department of Higher Education and Indian Banks Association (IBA). • The portal also provides linkages to National Scholarship Portal. ```

Question 48

DATA LOCALIZATION

Answer 48

• RBI issued a circular mandating that payment data be stored only in India. • Data localization is a concept that the personal data of a country’s residents should be processed and stored in that country. Some directives may restrict flow entirely, while others more leniently allow for conditional data sharing or data mirroring – in which only a copy has to be stored in the country. Draft E-Commerce Policy also contained a provision for data localization.

Question 49

STANDARD OF LIVING INDEXED, FORWARD-STARTING, INCOME-ONLY SECURITIES - SELFIES

Answer 49

* The concept of SeLFIES was developed by the Nobel laureate Robert C. Merton in his latest work. * It is a government bond that will allow an average person to target her retirement. It begins to pay interest after a certain number of years, for a certain number of years. * The payouts will be indexed to a standard of living index so that buyers don’t see a drop in their lifestyle, as well as inflation.

Question 50

MOBILIZE YOUR CITY

Answer 50

India and France have signed an implementation agreement on “MOBILISE YOUR CITY” (MYC) Mobilise Your City (MYC) is part of an international initiative supported by the French & the German Governments and was launched at 21st Conference of Parties (COP21) in 2015. • European Union is providing funds of Euro 3.5 million through the AFD (French Development Agency) to provide specific investments and technical assistance in developing sustainable urban transport.

Question 51

FINANCIAL INTELLIGENCE UNIT – | INDIA

Answer 51

• FIU is a central nodal agency mandated with collating, analyzing and disseminating financial intelligence on terrorist financing and money laundering. • FIU is not a regulatory authority. Its prime responsibility is to gather and share financial intelligence in cooperation with regulatory bodies like SEBI, RBI, IRDA etc. • It was set up in 2004 and works under Ministry of Finance.

Question 52

UN INDIA BUSINESS FORUM | UNIBF

Answer 52

* UN India Business Forum and Women Entrepreneurial Platform of NITI Aayog recently formed a consortium to reduce gender disparities in start-up investments. * UN India Business Forum (UNIBF) is an alliance of India’s businesses, financial institutions, government & the UN, aimed at accelerating India’s growth and achieving the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Question 53

NATIONAL MINERAL | EXPLORATION TRUST

Answer 53

• NMET is a state-run non-profit body with the primary objective of promoting regional and detailed mineral exploration in the country. The Central government had established NMET under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2015. * MET has a two-tier structure. The apex body is the Governing Body (GB), chaired by the Minister of Mines. It holds the overall control of the Trust. The Executive Committee (EC), chaired by Secretary, Ministry of Mines, administers and manages its activities. * As per the law, the holder of a mining lease or a composite licence shall pay a sum equivalent to 2% of the annual royalty paid to the respective state government to the NMET

Question 54

DISTRICT MINERAL | FOUNDATION (DMF)

Answer 54

DMFs were instituted under the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 as a non-profit trust in every mining district. * Miners are required to pay a part of their royalty for the well being of mining affected people so that they too can benefit from natural resources in their areas. * They have defined objectives, specific beneficiaries and geographies (directly & indirectly mining-affected areas) and focus on ‘high priority’ areas (such as drinking water, sanitation, healthcare etc.)

Question 55

Pradhan Mantri Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana | PMKKY

Answer 55

* To provide for the welfare of areas and people affected by mining related operations, using the funds generated by District Mineral Foundations (DMFs). * To implement various developmental projects/programs in mining affected areas that complement the existing on-going schemes/ projects of State and Central Government. * All areas directly or indirectly affected by mining related operations will be covered under PMKKKY.

Question 56

Uranium Mining in India

Answer 56

• Presently, a major portion of uranium for domestic production comes from the Jaduguda mines in Jharkhand In India, Uranium Corporation of India Ltd. (UCIL) under the Department of Atomic Energy, is the only organisation responsible for mining and processing of uranium ore for commercial purposes. • Uranium mined by the UCIL is used for weapons and civil nuclear programmes both. The imported uranium is used for civil nuclear energy purposes only. • Atomic Minerals Directorate (AMD) is responsible for survey and exploration of atomic mineral reserves in India

Question 57

PRADHAN MANTRI URJA | GANGA PROJECT

Answer 57

The gas pipeline will pass through 50 districts in the State of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal. • It is a 2-phased project which was launched in 2016 (also known as Jagdishpur-Haldia & Bokaro Dhamra Natural Gas Pipeline (JHBDPL) and covers over 2655 km of pipelines. • The project will not just supply CNG to automobiles and cooking gas to household kitchens in cities along the route, but also to industries to meet their feedstock or fuel requirement

Question 58

NATIONAL GAS GRID

Answer 58

• National Gas Grid intends to create a network of pipeline infrastructure to connect gas sources to major demand centres, develop City Gas Distribution Network and remove regional imbalance in access to natural gas

Question 59

UTTAM (UNLOCKING TRANSPARENCY BY THIRD PARTY ASSESSMENT OF MINED COAL) APP

Answer 59

The app aims to ensure transparency and efficiency in coal quality monitoring process. • The app provides coverage of 3rd Party Sampling which includes information on production, dispatch and quantity sampled of coal. • It will provide information about the mined coal on quality parameters such as declared Gross Calorific Value (GCV), analyzed GCV & coverage parameters like location & quantity sampled.

Question 60

SHAKTI (SCHEME FOR HARNESSING AND ALLOCATING KOYALA TRANSPARENTLY IN INDIA) SCHEME

Answer 60

* It is a transformational policy for auction and allotment of coal linkages. This policy will award fuel supply agreements (FSA) to coal plants already holding letters of assurance (LoAs). * Coal linkages would be allocated to stateowned power distribution companies (DISCOMs). * These, in turn, would assign linkages to state or central power generation companies via allocation, and Private units through auction. * The independent power producers (IPPs) participating in the auction will bid for discounts on the existing tariff and this would be adjusted from the gross coal bills.

Question 61

Advanced Motor Fuels Technology Collaboration Programme

Answer 61

Recently, Cabinet was apprised that India is joining Advanced Motor Fuels Technology Collaboration Programme as a member. * It is one of the International Energy Agency’s (IEA) transportation related Technology Collaboration Programme and will be implemented by Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas. * Its vision is to establish a sustainable transportation system that uses advanced, alternative, and renewable fuels, has reduced emissions and meets needs for personal and goods mobility on a local and global scale. * Other member countries of AMF TCP are USA, China, Japan, Canada, Chile, Israel, Thailand, Republic of Korea etc

Question 62

Coal Mine Surveillance & Management System | (CMSMS) and ‘Khan Prahari’ mobile application

Answer 62

* The basic objective of CMSMS is reporting, monitoring and taking suitable action on unauthorised coal mining activities. * The CMSMS is a web based GIS application through which location of sites for unauthorised mining can be detected. * The basic platform used in the system is of Ministry of Electronics & Information Technology’s (MeiTY) map which provides village level information. * Khan Prahari App– It is a tool for reporting any activity taking place related to illegal coal mining like rat hole mining, pilferage etc. Responsible citizens can also provide information using this

Question 63

gas hydrates

Answer 63

According to the latest estimates of the US Geological Survey, India has the 2nd largest gas hydrate reserves after USA. Natural gas hydrates are a naturally occurring, icelike combination of natural gas and water found in oceans and polar regions. • They are considered as vast resources of natural gas (estimated to exceed the volume of all known conventional gas resources) and are known to occur in marine sediments on continental shelf margins. Most of the gas hydrates are located in coarse-grained sand-rich depositional systems in the Krishna-Godavari and Cauvery Basins.

Question 64

Coal Bed Methane (CBM)

Answer 64

Coal Bed Methane (CBM) is an unconventional form of natural gas found in coal deposits or coal seams. CBM can be recovered from underground coal before, during, or after mining operations. It can also be extracted from “unminable” coal seams that are relatively deep, thin or of poor or inconsistent quality. Vertical and horizontal wells are used to develop CBM resources[2]. Extraction requires drilling wells into the coal seams and removing water contained in the seam to reduce hydrostatic pressure and release absorbed (and free) gas out of the coal[3]. It is a cleaner and more efficient fuel than coal or furnace oil. • In CBM, as opposed to conventional oil and gas, the production increases gradually till it hits it peak. So, it is best suited for small & medium enterprises (SMEs) which require smaller amounts of fuel. • CBM reserves are found in Coal bearing areas in 12 states including Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Assam, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Telangana and West Bengal.

Question 65

Strategic Oil Reserves

Answer 65

• The crude oil storages are constructed in underground rock caverns and are located on the East and West coast of India. * Construction of storage facilities are maintained by Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Limited (a SPV of Oil Industry Development Board under Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas). * Presently, strategic reserves are situated at Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), Mangalore (Karnataka), and Padur (Karnataka).Moreover, project of three additional reserves is in pipeline -at Chandikhol (Odisha), Bikaner (Rajasthan) and Rajkot (Gujarat).

Question 66

Credit Enhancement Fund (CEF)

Answer 66

The Union Government is planning to launch a ₹500 crore Credit Enhancement Fund (CEF) to facilitate infrastructure investment by insurance and pension funds. • The initial corpus of the fund, to be sponsored by IIFCL (India Infrastructure Finance Company), will be ₹500 crore, and it will operate as a non-banking finance company. • It will provide credit enhancement for infrastructure projects which will help in upgrading credit ratings of bonds issued by infrastructure companies and facilitate investment from investors like pension and insurance funds.

Question 67

infrastructure investment trusts (INVITs)

Answer 67

Government is drawing up a plan to sell public sector Infrastructure assets, including rail lines, national highways and power transmission lines through infrastructure investment trusts (INVITs). * Infrastructure Investment Trusts (InvITs) are mutual fund like institutions that enable investments into the infrastructure sector by pooling small sums of money from multitude of individual investors for directly investing in infrastructure. A portion of the income is returned to unit holders of InvITs as dividends. * InvITs are designed to attract low-cost, long term capital and the underlying focus is to reduce the funding pressure on the banking system as well as generating fresh equity capital for infrastructure projects. * InvITs are set up as a trust and registered with SEBI. • As per present regulations, InvIT investments are not open for small and retail investors. The minimum application size for InvIT units is Rs 10 lakh. The main investors could be foreign institutional investors, insurance and pension funds and domestic institutional investors (like mutual funds, banks) and also super-rich individuals.

Question 68

Currently, five broad categories are included under | Harmonized list of Infrastructure sub-sectors

Answer 68

* Transport and Logistics, * Energy, * Water and Sanitation, * Communication * Social and Commercial Infrastructure

Question 69

PARIWARTAN

Answer 69

POWER ASSET REVIVAL THROUGH WAREHOUSING AND REHABILITATION (PARIWARTAN) The Rural Electrification Corporation (REC) has finalized a plan called Pariwartan to revitalize stressed power sector assets.

Question 70

CABOTAGE LAW

Answer 70

Ministry of Shipping relaxed cabotage restrictions on the movement of foreign ships. It will allow international shipping companies to move Export-Import containers between Indian ports along the country’s coastline. About Cabotage • Cabotage refers to shipping along coastal routes between foreign sea ports & also to the restriction on the operation of vessels between sea ports within a particular country. • It is governed by the Merchant Shipping Act (MSA) of 1958. • It aims to protect domestic shipping industry from foreign competition as well as for the purpose of national security.

Question 71

RIVER INFORMATION SYSTEM

Answer 71

The Union Minister of Shipping recently inaugurated the Phase 2 of the River Information System on National Waterway-1 (River Ganga) between Farakka and Patna (410 km). • It is a form of vessel traffic management system using a combination of tracking and meteorological equipment with specialized software designed to optimize traffic and exchange information real-time between vessels

Question 72

FIRST FREIGHT VILLAGE

Answer 72

India’s first freight village is being developed in Varanasi. • The objective of the project is to support economic development in the hinterland of the multimodal terminal at Varanasi and reduce logistics cost in the Eastern Transport Corridor and its influence zone. • The village is being funded by the World Bank and it is being developed by the Inland Waterways Authority of India

Question 73

WATER AERODROME

Answer 73

• A water aerodrome is an area of open water that can be used by seaplanes as well as amphibious aircraft to land and take off. The Airports Authority of India has identified 5 states i.e. Odisha, Gujarat, Assam, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh where water aerodromes would be developed. • They are proposed to be developed near locations of tourist and religious importance. • In its first phase, water aerodrome will be established at Chilika Lake in Odisha, Sardar Sarovar Dam and Sabarmati River Front in Gujarat.

Question 74

NABH (NEXTGEN AIRPORTS FOR | BHARAT NIRMAN) INITIATIVE

Answer 74

* Announced in Budget 2018-19, it seeks expansion of airport capacity more than 5 times to handle a billion trips a year. * It aims to establish about 100 airports in 15 years at an estimated investment of Rs 4 lakh crore, a large part of the investment to be leveraged from private sector. * The key aspects of NABH Nirman include (i) Fair and equitable land acquisition (ii) Longterm master plan for airport and regional development (iii) Balanced economics for all stakeholders * It will help to connect smaller towns and cities and increase tourism and economic activity.

Question 75

Rail Sahyog | Portal

Answer 75

• Launched by Indian Railways, it will provide a platform for the corporates and PSUs to contribute to creation of amenities at/near Railway Stations through Corporate Social Responsibility funds.

Question 76

Dedicated Freight Corridor project

Answer 76

• It is being implemented by Ministry of Railways. • Initially, the construction of Eastern and Western DFCs is being undertaken. • In 2006, the Government of India established a dedicated body, the Dedicated Freight Corridor Corporation of India (DFCCIL), to implement the project. It has been registered as a company under the Companies Act 1956. • The construction of the western corridor is being fully funded by Japanese International Cooperation Agency and the eastern corridor is being partially funded by the World Bank

Question 77

Drug Pricing Control Order

Answer 77

Drugs (Price Control) Orders [DPCO] under Essential Commodities Act 1955 aim to regulate the prices of bulk drugs. • National Pharmaceutical Pricing Policy (NPPP) 2012 put in place a regulatory framework for pricing of drugs. The list of essential medicines, along with dosages & strengths, are included in Schedule-1 of DPCO & are subject to price ceilings. All the drugs under National List of Essential Medicines (NLEM) given by Health Ministry are automatically subject to price control. National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) fixes prices of formulations and monitors its compliance

Question 78

National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority

Answer 78

It is an independent, attached office of the Department of Pharmaceuticals (DoP), Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers formed in 1997. • It is an executive body of experts

Question 79

Public Utility Service

Answer 79

currency printing presses and mints have been declared as ‘public utility service’ under the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947. As per the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, no person employed in a public utility service shall go on strike in breach of contract without giving a notice to the employer. Public Utility Services are those business undertakings engaged in supplying essential goods and/or services of daily necessity for the general public.

Question 80

TECHNICAL TEXTILES

Answer 80

* These are textile material & products manufactured primarily for technical performance and functional properties rather than aesthetic and decorative characteristics. * They can be made from any fibre yarn or filament of purely natural or synthetic origin or combination of the two types. A technical textile can be woven or non-woven and combinations of both. * They find application not only in clothing but also in areas like agriculture (fishing nets), medical (sanitary napkins), infrastructure (wall coverings), automotive, aerospace, sports, defence and packaging.

Question 81

WTO’S INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AGREEMENT (ITA)

Answer 81

* Information Technology Agreement (ITA) is a plurilateral agreement enforced by the World Trade Organization (WTO) and concluded in 1996. * It aims to completely eliminate all taxes and tariffs on information technology products by signatory parties. * India is a signatory to ITA.

Question 82

SPECIFIC RELIEF | (AMENDMENT) ACT 2018

Answer 82

The Specific Relief (Amendment) Act, 2018, amending the provisions of the Specific Relief Act, 1963 came into force. The Amendment Act aims at improving India's global ranking on the enforceability of contracts and the ease of doing business indices. Broadly, the Amendment Act seeks to address the issue of delay in relation to the enforceability of contracts by setting up special courts and a defined timeline for cases. • It further seeks to provide additional remedies to parties whose contractual rights have been violated by minimizing the discretion of courts in cases seeking specific performance of contracts and prevents the courts from granting an injunction in suits against infrastructure projects.

Question 83

Bureau of Indian Standards

Answer 83

• It is the National Standards Body of India working under the aegis of Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution. • It is governed by Bureau of Indian standards (BIS) Act 2016 • It provides various certification marks such as: o BIS Hallmark for purity benchmarking for gold and silver jewellery. o EcoMark for products conforming to a set of standards aimed at the least impact on the ecosystem). o ISI Mark for industrial products. Mandatory for products such as electrical appliances like switches, electric motors, wiring cables, heaters, kitchen appliances, Portland cement, LPG valves, LPG cylinders, automotive tires.

Question 84

CRISIDEX INDEX

Answer 84

CriSidEx, India’s first sentiment index, has been launched for micro and small enterprises (MSEs). CriSidEx is a composite index, developed jointly by CRISIL & SIDBI, based on a diffusion index of 8 parameters and measures MSE business sentiment on a scale of 0 (extremely negative) to 200 (extremely positive). * CriSidEx readings will flag potential headwind and changes in production cycles which will help improve market efficiencies. * By capturing the sentiment of exporters and importers, it will also offer actionable indicators on foreign trade.

Question 85

FUTURE POLICY GOLD AWARD

Answer 85

• Sikkim has won the UN Food and Agriculture Organization’s (FAO) Future Policy Gold Award for its achievement in becoming the world's first totally organic agriculture state. • It is the first award that celebrates policies rather than people on an international level that create better living conditions for current and future generations

Question 86

WORLD FOOD PROGRAM

Answer 86

* FAO Council approved India’s membership to the Executive Board of the United Nations World Food Program (WFP) for 2020 and 2021. * World Food Program is the food assistance branch of the United Nations and is the leading humanitarian organization saving lives and changing lives, delivering food assistance in emergencies and working with communities to improve nutrition and build resilience. • It was formed in 1961 and is headquartered in Rome and is governed by a 36-member Executive Board. It works closely with its two Rome-based sister organizations, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the International Fund for Agricultural Development. • Funded entirely by voluntary donation, WFP partners with more than 1,000 national and international NGOs to provide food assistance and tackle the underlying causes of hunger.

Question 87

Nutrient Based Subsidy Scheme (NBS

Answer 87

• Under this scheme a fixed amount of subsidy decided on annual basis, is provided to fertilizer companies (other than Urea) depending on its nutrient content to fertilizer manufacturer. • Under this scheme Maximum Retail Price (MRP) of Phosphatic & Potassic (P&K) fertilizers has been left open and the manufacturers/importers/marketers are allowed to fix MRP of P&K fertilizers at reasonable level. • MRP will be decided taking into account the international and domestic prices of P&K fertilizers, exchange rate, and inventory level in the country. • The scheme aims to ensure that adequate quantity of P&K is available to the farmers at statutory controlled price so that end-use is balanced. It will help improve the agriculture productivity, promote growth of indigenous fertilizer industry and to reduce the burden of subsidy.

Question 88

City Compost Scheme

Answer 88

• Market Development Assistance of ₹1500 per tonne of city compost for scaling up production and consumption is being provided. Fertilizer companies and marketing entities will also co-market City Compost with chemical fertilizers through their dealers' network. • Under the provision of adoption, companies also adopt villages for promoting the use of compost. • An appropriate BIS standard/ Eco-Mark ensures that environment-friendly quality product reaches the farmers.

Question 89

Sustainable Blue Economy Conference

Answer 89

• It is the first global conference on the sustainable blue economy. • It was convened by Kenya and co-hosted Canada and Japan.

Question 90

Krishi Kalyan Abhiyan

Answer 90

launched by Ministry of Agriculture and Farmer Welfare with an aim to aid and advice farmers to improve their farming techniques and raise their income. • Various activities under the program are o Distribution of soil health cards to all farmers o 100% coverage of bovine vaccination for Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in each village o 100% coverage of Sheep and Goat for eradication of Peste des Petits ruminants (PPR) o Artificial insemination saturation o Demonstration programmes on Microirrigation and integrated cropping practice etc. * It will be undertaken in 25 villages with more than 1000 population each in Aspirational Districts as identified in consultation with the Ministry of Rural Development in accordance with the guidelines of NITI Aayog. * The overall coordination and implementation will be done by Krishi Vigyan Kendra. KVK, is an integral part of the National Agricultural Research System (NARS), and aims at assessment of location specific technology modules in agriculture and allied enterprises, through technology assessment, refinement and demonstrations.

Question 91

NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL HIGHER EDUCATION PROJECT (NAHEP

Answer 91

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) has recently launched Rs 1100 crore ambitious NAHEP to attract talent and strengthen higher agricultural education in the country. It will be funded by the World Bank and the Indian Government on a 50:50 basis. • Its Components include o Giving grants to selected AUs for innovation promotion, improving learning outcomes etc. o Education Division/ ICAR would establish a Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Cell to oversee the progress of activities.

Question 92

PRADHAN MANTRI ANNADATA | AAY SANRAKSHAN ABHIYAN (PMAASHA)

Answer 92

• It has 3 components complementing existing schemes of the Department of Food & Public Distribution: o Price Support Scheme (PSS): Physical procurement of pulses, oilseeds and copra will be done by National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India Ltd (NAFED) & Food Corporation of India. o Price Deficiency Payment Scheme (PDPS): This will cover all oilseeds for which MSP is notified & Centre will pay the difference between MSP & actual selling/model price to farmer through DBT. Farmers who sell their crops in recognised mandis within the notified period can benefit from it. o Pilot of Private Procurement and Stockiest Scheme (PPSS): A private player can procure crops at MSP when market prices drop below MSP & will then be compensated up to a maximum of 15% of MSP. This is optional for states and to be used for oilseeds procurement.

Question 93

``` PRADHAN MANTRI KISAN SAMMAN NIDHI (PM-KISAN) ```

Answer 93

o To provide income support to all Small and Marginal landholding farmer families having cultivable land. o To supplement the financial needs of the farmers Landholder Farmer families with total cultivable holding upto 2 hectares shall be provided a benefit of Rs.6000 per annum per family payable in three equal installments, every four months. o Multiple land parcels (even if each is less than 2 hectares) held by a single family will be pooled together to determine eligibility. o Even landholdings, bigger than 10 hectares, will be eligible for benefits under the scheme, if owned by multiple families (e.g. If five brothers jointly own a single 10 hectare holding, each of them will be eligible for the scheme). * The lists of eligible beneficiaries would be published at the village level to ensure transparency. * A dedicated PM Kisan Portal will be launched for implementation of the scheme. * This is a Central Sector Scheme and will be funded fully by the Government of India. It has become operational from 1.12.2018.

Question 94

States schemes for Income support of farmers like PM-KISAN

Answer 94

``` • Ryuthu Bandhu: Telangana • KALIA (Krushak Assistance for Livelihood and Income Augmentation) Scheme : Odisha • Mukhyamantri Krishi Aashirwad Yojana: Jharkhand • Krishak Bandhu Scheme: West Bengal ```

Question 95

‘Agmark

Answer 95

• Agmark is certification mark that assures conformity of agricultural products to a set of standards. • It is given by the Directorate of Marketing and Inspection under Ministry of Agriculture. • The present AGMARK standards cover quality guidelines for different commodities like pulses, cereals, essential oils, vegetable oils, fruits and vegetables and semi-processed products like vermicelli.

Question 96

Operation Greens.

Answer 96

By Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MoFPI) • It is a Central Sector Scheme (CSS) and was announced in Budget 2018-19 with an outlay of 500 crores to stabilize the supply of Tomato, Onion and Potato (TOP) crops and to ensure availability of TOP crops throughout the country round the year without price volatility National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India Ltd (NAFED) will be the Nodal Agency to implement price stabilization measures. MoFPI will provide 50% of the subsidy for transportation of TOP crops from production to storage & hiring of appropriate storage facilities. • Grants-in-aid of 50% of the eligible project cost, subject to maximum Rs. 50 crores per project (For FPOs the grant-in-aid will be at rate of 70%).

Question 97

GRAMEEN AGRICULTURAL | MARKETS (GRAMS)

Answer 97

• Aim is to develop and upgrade existing 22,000 rural haats into Gramin Agricultural Markets (GrAMs) by strengthening their physical infrastructure (e.g. road linkages, storage capacity etc) using MGNREGS & other Government Schemes. • GrAMs would be outside the APMC Act regulation & will be linked to e-NAMs. • The move is based on the recommendations of Ashok Dalwai Committee. • Recently, government gave approval to set up Agri–Market Infrastructure Fund with a corpus of Rs. 2000 crore with NABARD to develop & upgrade agricultural marketing infrastructure in Gramin Agricultural Markets and Regulated Wholesale Markets.

Question 98

Rainfed Agriculture Atlas.

Answer 98

Published by Revitalizing Rainfed Agriculture Network

Question 99

National Mission for Sustainable | Agriculture(NMSA)

Answer 99

It is envisaged as one of the eight Missions outlined under National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC). The major thrust is enhancing agriculture productivity especially in rainfed areas focusing on integrated farming, soil health management, and synergizing resource conservation.

Question 100

CRISIL DRIP INDEX

Answer 100

CRISIL released its rainfall parameter index also known as DRIP (Deficient Rainfall Impact Parameter) Index. * DRIP Index move away from simply measuring rainfall volumetric data & captures the interaction between the most critical aspect of vulnerability (irrigation) and weather shocks. * The higher the CRISIL DRIP score, the more adverse the impact of deficient rains.

Question 101

CORPUS FOR MICRO IRRIGATION | FUND

Answer 101

A dedicated Micro Irrigation Fund (MIF) with National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) under Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY) has been set up to provide states financial assistance on concessional rate of interest.

Question 102

Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana

Answer 102

• Aims to extend the coverage of irrigation ‘Har Khet ko pani’ and improving water use efficiency ‘More crop per drop'. • Supervised & monitored by Inter-Ministerial National Steering Committee (NSC) under PM with Union Ministers of all concerned Ministries. • National Executive Committee (NEC) under the Chairmanship of the Vice Chairman, NITI Aayog oversees the programme implementation. • Amalgamates ongoing schemes o Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP) of the Ministry of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation (MoWR, RD&GR) o Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) of Department of Land Resources (DoLR) o On Farm Water Management (OFWM) of Department of Agriculture and Cooperation (DAC) and a component of National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA). • Water budgeting is done for all sectors namely, household, agriculture and industries.