Economy and society Flashcards
(31 cards)
What is the Malthusian model?
The model that believed we could not grow our population because as pop grows food prices increase and mortality also increases
What allows countries to break out of the Malthusian trap?
Industrialisation
What stat allows us to compare any two countries output at one time?
Industrial output per capita
What happens to Britain’s industrial output per capita between 1750 and 1900?
Goes from 10 to 100
From what point does German industry grow rapidly?
From 1860
What are the main characteristics of industrialisation?
Urbanisation, factories, growth of GDP and pop, growth in productivity, changing employment structure
Countries with the most and least dense rail network by 1913
Belgium and Britian, most
Russia, least despite having the most total
What new financial institutions arise?
Credit based insitutions investment banks, joint stock enterprise
What % of all big cities were port cities?
40%
What was happening to employment structure give example
There was a shift away from primary industry to secondary and tertiary. In London, 1911 40% were employed in manufacturing and 45% worked in services
Historiography: Greschenkron’s analysis of the 19th century
Believed all countries were going down the same road of industrialisation. Held that each case of industrialisation was unique with no lessons to be learned from others
What was Gerschenkron’s idea of relative economic backwardness?
The idea that the more backwards a country was economically when it started to industrialise the faster it industrialises
According to Gerschenkron what region of Europe was the most backwards?
The further South East you went the more backwards you got
What was a backward country?
One that had less skilled labour, up to date tech, less infrastructure and capital. 7
Why was France’s economic growth in the 19th century slow?
Due to its strange demographic pattern. Slow growth of the economy likely due to low fertility , would have higher gdp per capita but less growth
What was a mixed bank?
A bank which mixed commercial and investment elements, originated in germany
How many miles of rail were added to Europe between 1850-1870?
50,000 miles when previously there was only 15,000
Coal production increase during the 19th century (Germany and France)
Germany from 4 million to 23 million tonnes
France from 4 million to 13 million tonnes
The status of monopolies in England and Germany
In England there was a distinct lack of monopolies, likely due to geographic distribution of industry. Top 10 companies smelting pig iron in 1927 only made up 47% of output. 1870s Germany around 35.9%
Pig iron output increase in Cumberland and North Lancashire
Increase by 63X between 1855-1875
The % of single women and married women who worked in the 19th century?
More than 2/3 of single women worked and between 1/4 and 1/2 of married women worked
What industrialisation did to women’s work.
Made some jobs almost exclusively female.
% of married women in gainful employment in mid 19th century Lancashire?
26%
What was the biggest employer of women?
Domestic service was the largest after agriculture. Domestic work meaning work where they lived with their employer
