Ecosystem Ecology Flashcards
(96 cards)
1
Q
a large area characterized by its vegetation, soil, climate, and wildlife
A
Biome
2
Q
five major types of biomes
A
aquatic
grassland
forest
desert
tundra
3
Q
bodies of water surrounded by land
A
freshwater biomes
4
Q
some examples of freshwater biomes (3)
A
ponds
rivers
lakes
5
Q
salt content of freshwater biomes
A
less than one percent
6
Q
the study of inland waters
A
limnology
7
Q
inland waters such as (5)
A
lakes (both freshwater and saline)
reservoirs
streams
wetlands
groundwater
8
Q
limnological discipline
A
integrates the functional relationships of growth, adaptation, nutrient cycles, and biological productivity with species composition, and describes and evaluates how the physical, chemical, and biological environments regulate these relationships
9
Q
the word “limnology” comes from the Greek words ___ and___
A
limne (marsh, pond) and limnaea (a thing pertaining to a marsh)
10
Q
the study of the structure, function, and change of organisms in freshwaters as affected by their physical, chemical, and biotic environments
A
freshwater ecology
11
Q
freshwater include (6)
A
lakes and ponds
rivers
streams
springs
bogs
wetlands
12
Q
a subset to Earth’s aquatic ecosystems
A
freshwater ecology
13
Q
freshwater habitats can be classified by their (4)
A
temperature
light penetration
nutrients
vegetation
14
Q
freshwater ecosystems can be divided into (2)
A
lentic ecosystems (still water)
lotic ecosystems (flowing water)
15
Q
freshwater ecosystems are also called
A
vegetated wetlands
16
Q
freshwater ecosystems play an important role in ___
A
mitigation against climate variability
17
Q
freshwater ecosystems play an important role in mitigation against climate variability by (4)
A
flood control
water purification
shoreline stabilization
sequestration of carbon dioxide
18
Q
examples of freshwater ecosystems (4)
A
streams
rivers
lakes
marsh
19
Q
examples of lakes in the Philippines (3)
A
Laguna Lake
Lake Lanao
Lake Mainit
20
Q
the largest lake in the Philippines
A
Laguna Lake
21
Q
the second largest lake in the Philippines
A
Lake Lanao
22
Q
the deepest lake in the Philippines
A
Lake Mainit
23
Q
example of marsh in the Philippines
A
Agusan Marsh
24
Q
habitats that support marine life
A
marine habitats
25
marine biomes include (3)
the ocean
coral reefs
estuaries
26
the term marine comes from the Latin word ___
mare (sea or ocean)
27
marine habitats can be divided into (2)
coastal habitats
open ocean habitats
28
found in the area that extends from as far as the tide comes in on the shoreline to the edge of the continental shelf
coastal habitats
29
the shelf area occupies ___ percent of the total ocean area
seven
30
found in the deep ocean beyond the edge of the continental shelf
open ocean habitats
31
mangrove ecosystem services (8)
wood
livelihoods
mangrove ecosystem services
climate regulation
fisheries
tourism
water filtration
coastal protection
32
a transitional area of vegetation between two different plant communities
ecotone
33
support thousands of marine species, store carbon, improve water quality, protect coastlines, cycle nutrients, and create habitat corridors between coral reefs and mangroves
seagrasses/seagrass beds
34
seagrass services (10)
biodiversity
food
oxygen
nutrient cycling
water quality
habitat corridors
climate resilience
carbon storage
livelihoods
shelter
35
created by tiny animals “coral polyps”
act as homes or nurseries for 25% of all marine life
found in over 100 countries
coral reefs
36
tiny animals that create coral reefs
coral polyps
37
the coral polyps’ ___ build up over time, forming the base of the ___ habitat that supports the world’s ___
limestone skeletons, complex reef, highest level of marine biodiversity
38
coral reefs services (4)
food and fishing
tourism and recreation
medicine
coastal protection
39
13m hectare underwater plateau near Aurora. the Philippines’ biggest island, considered part of the Philippines continental shelf
Benham Rise
40
partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water with one or more streams into it, and with a free connection to the open sea
estuary
41
estuaries form a ___ between river environments snd maritime environments known as ___
transition zone, ecotone
42
estuaries are subject to both (2)
marine influences, riverine influences
43
examples of marine influences (3)
tides, waves, and influx of saline
44
examples of a riverine influences (2)
flows of freshwater and sediment
45
the mixing of seawater and freshwater provides ___ both in the ___ and ___, making estuaries among the ___ in the world
high levels of nutrients, water column and in sediment, most productive natural habitats
46
estuaries are incredibly dynamic systems, where ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___ all change daily in response to the tides (5)
temperature
salinity
turbidity
depth
flow
47
this dynamism makes estuaries ___ habitats, but also makes it difficult for many species to ___
highly productive, survive year-round
48
estuaries provide ___ to a variety of species that rely on estuaries for life-cycle completion
critical habitats
49
scientific name of Pacific Herring
Clupea pallasii
50
species known to lay their eggs in estuaries and bays
Pacific Herring (Clupea pallasii)
51
species that give birth in estuaries
surfperch
52
species that migrate to estuaries to rear
juvenile flatfish and rockfish
53
species that use estuaries as migration corridors
anadromous salmonids and lampreys
54
migratory bird population - relies on estuaries
black-tailed godwit
55
habitat that is found predominantly on land
terrestrial habitat
56
terrestrial habitats are spread out across a large range of environments such as (7)
caves
deserts
farms
forests
grasslands
shorelines
wetlands
57
___ or ___ habitats such as ___ or ___ also constitute to terrestrial habitats
semi-natural or man-made, national parks or biosphere reserves
58
types of terrestrial habitats (4)
forests
deserts
mountains
grasslands
59
an essential for the existence of life on Earth as it served as a natural habitat for a vast range of plants and animals
forests
60
covers nearly ___ square km of the Earth’s surface or ___ of the total land surface
40m, 31%
61
forest ecosystem is divided into four different subgroups (4)
tropical forest
temperature forest
boreal forest
plantation forest
62
layers of rainforest (4)
forest floor
understory layer
canopy layer
emergent layer
63
have the highest species diversity
usually located around the equator in the South Africa and Southeast Asia
tropical forests
64
tropical forests are characterized by (2)
humidity
excessive rainfall
65
similar to temperate forests but have a much harsher temperature
boreal forests
66
boreal forests are also called ___ and are the ___
Taiga, largest land biome
67
cultivated for the purpose of commercialization
only one or two species of trees are cultivated
genetically altered to provide better resistance against disaster and commercial viability
plantation forests
68
areas where the most dominant type of vegetation is gasses
these types of environments occur naturally throughout the world
grasslands
69
grassland is home for a wide diversity of animal species such as (8)
elephants
giraffes
hyenas
jackrabbits
lions
rhinos
warthogs
zebras
70
grasslands can be subdivided into (2)
tropical grasslands
temperate grasslands
71
tropical grasslands are also called
Savanna or Savannah
72
characterized by a combination of widely spaced grassy fields and woodlands where sufficient light reaches the ground
tropical grasslands
73
tropical grasslands receive ___ of rain every year, which is then followed by a ___
30 to 50in, dry season
74
similar to tropical grasslands except it has warmer summers followed by cold winters
temperate grasslands
75
average annual rainfall of temperate grasslands
30-35in
76
temperate grasslands can be categorized into (2)
steppes (short grasses)
prairies (tall grasses)
77
examples of major grasslands (2)
Great Plains of the Midwest
Palouse Prairie (America)
78
biomes that receive less than 10in of rainfall anually
deserts
79
regarded as a desert as annual precipitation is less than 2in (interior parts)
Antarctica
80
animals have adapted to the heat by ___ or ___
burrowing or living in caves
81
in deserts, animals have adopted a ___
nocturnal lifestyle
82
nocturnal lifestyle of animals
stay underground during the heat of the day, hunt food in the relative coolness of the night
83
common terrestrial animals found in such habitats (deserts) include (5)
antelopes
camels
different species of foxes
gazelles
goats
84
also found in deserts are endangered species such as (6)
cheetahs
African wild dogs
lizards
hyraxes
North African ostriches
desert crocodiles
85
the effect of Earth’s rotation on the direction of winds and current
Coriolis Effect
86
an effect whereby a mass moving in a rotating system experiences a force (the Coriolis force) acting perpendicular to the direction of motion and to the axis of rotation. On the Earth, the effect tends to deflect moving objects to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern and is important in the formation of cyclonic weather systems.
Coriolis Effect
87
classified as a polar desert
largest desert in the world
Antarctic
88
largest subtropical desert
Sahara
89
one of the “big four” deserts in North America
largest area of contiguous endorheic watersheds, those with no outlets, in North America
Great Basin
90
large landform that rise above the surrounding surface
mountains
91
mountain regions have ___ due to ___
colder climates, high elevations
92
plants and animals residing in these regions (mountains) have ___ to cope up with the environment
special adaptations
93
mountain fauna includes (6)
bighorn sheep
brown and black bears
grizzly beats
mountain goats
mountain lions
antelopes (not found in the same region)
94
forests are present in ___ but become increasingly sparse as the ___
moderate elevation, elevation increases
95
height/elevation of Mt. Everest
8,848.86m
96
height/elevation of Mt. Apo
2,954m
