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ecto, endo, meso Flashcards

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1
Q

Early name for epiblast before germ layer specialization

A

Primitive ectoderm

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2
Q

Formation of the neural tube by folding the neural plate

A

Primary neurulation

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3
Q

Formation of neural tube in the tail by solid cord cavitation

A

Secondary neurulation

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4
Q

Migratory cells from neural plate border giving rise to diverse tissues

A

Neural crest cells (NCCs)

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5
Q

Thickened region of ectoderm that forms the CNS

A

Neural plate

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6
Q

General term for problems in neural tube closure

A

Neural tube defects

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7
Q

Structure that induces neural plate formation

A

Notochord

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8
Q

Future epidermis, hair, nails, and glands

A

Surface ectoderm

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9
Q

Future brain, spinal cord, and retina

A

Neuroectoderm

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10
Q

Thickened ectoderm regions forming sensory structures like lens and inner ear

A

Placodes

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11
Q

Protein families that inhibit BMP to allow neural plate induction

A

Noggin / Chordin / Follistatin

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12
Q

Signaling pathway important for neural crest cell specification

A

Wnt signaling

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13
Q

Transcription factor essential for neural crest specification

A

FoxD3

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14
Q

Transcription factor necessary for neural crest migration

A

Slug (SNAI2)

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15
Q

Cadherin found in the surface ectoderm

A

E-cadherin

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16
Q

Cadherin found in the neural plate

A

N-cadherin

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17
Q

Supplement preventing neural tube defects during pregnancy

A

Folic acid

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18
Q

Morphogen whose high levels promote epidermis formation

A

BMP4

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19
Q

Morphogen secreted by notochord to ventralize the neural tube

A

Sonic hedgehog (Shh)

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20
Q

Disorder caused by TCOF1 mutation affecting cranial neural crest cells

A

Treacher Collins Syndrome (TCS)

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21
Q

Group of diseases due to faulty neural crest development

A

Neurocristopathies

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22
Q

Nervous system derived from vagal and sacral neural crest cells

A

Enteric nervous system

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23
Q

Failure of posterior neural tube closure

A

Spina bifida

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24
Q

Failure of anterior neural tube closure

A

Anencephaly

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25
Structure formed in fish embryos instead of neural folds
Neural keel
26
This germ layer gives rise to the digestive and respiratory systems.
Endoderm
27
The transcription factor critical for specifying and maintaining endoderm identity.
Sox17
28
The early structure in amniotes through which epiblast cells migrate to become mesoderm and endoderm.
Primitive streak
29
The major derivative of the midgut region.
Small intestine (except proximal duodenum)
30
This gene regulates patterning of the intestinal epithelium.
Cdx2
31
The precursor that gives rise to both mesoderm and endoderm during early development.
Mesendoderm
32
Organ derived from the foregut that is responsible for producing digestive enzymes and insulin.
Pancreas
33
Transcription factors involved in gut tube formation and liver/pancreas differentiation. (Name two)
Gata4 and Gata6
34
In sea urchins, the lineage that gives rise to endoderm is the ___________ lineage.
Veg2
35
The structure formed when the endoderm folds into a tube during development.
Gut tube
36
The organ derived from the hindgut that stores urine temporarily.
Urinary bladder
37
In zebrafish, endoderm originates from these marginal zone cells.
Marginal zone cells
38
Name the germ layer responsible for forming the lining of the digestive and respiratory tubes.
Endoderm
39
This structure marks the onset of mesoderm and endoderm induction in amniotes.
Primitive streak
40
The early transcription factor (also called HNF-3β) that defines early endoderm identity.
Foxa2
41
Region of the gut tube that forms the liver and biliary apparatus.
Foregut
42
In patterning the gut, the posterior endoderm expresses this intestinal transcription factor.
Cdx2
43
The combined population of cells that will give rise to both mesodermal and endodermal tissues.
Mesendoderm
44
Name one respiratory structure derived from the foregut.
Trachea / Bronchi / Lungs (any one)
45
Major function of definitive endoderm aside from constructing organ linings.
Induce formation of mesoderm/mesodermal organs
46
In amniotes, the green-labeled layer that marks visceral endoderm in diagrams.
Visceral endoderm
47
Movement of epiblast cells through the primitive streak is part of this major developmental process.
Gastrulation
48
Transcription factor that helps specify mesendoderm along with Mixl1.
Mixl1
49
General term for the tube formed from folding of definitive endoderm cells.
Gut tube
50
This digestive organ develops from the midgut and is involved in nutrient absorption.
Small intestine
51
The hindgut structure that becomes part of the excretory system.
Cloaca
52
Earliest definitive endodermal organ to form during mouse embryogenesis.
Foregut
53
Color used to represent endoderm precursors in most developmental diagrams.
Yellow
54
The developmental 'sheet' of endoderm before gut tube formation.
Epithelial sheet
55
Sea urchin structure that shows segregation of endoderm and mesoderm.
Vegetal plate
56
The germ layer located between the ectoderm and endoderm that gives rise to most internal organs.
Mesoderm
57
The axial mesodermal structure that defines the body’s anterior-posterior axis and induces neural tube development.
Notochord
58
The region of the mesoderm that forms somites, which later differentiate into skin, muscles, and vertebrae.
Paraxial Mesoderm
59
The unsegmented mesoderm in the head region responsible for cranial muscles, parts of the skull, and the heart.
Head Mesoderm
60
The part of the mesoderm that eventually forms kidneys and parts of the reproductive system.
Intermediate Mesoderm
61
The process where mesodermal cells become organized into paired, segmented blocks along the head-to-tail axis.
Somitogenesis
62
This subdivision of somites gives rise to the dermis of the skin.
Dermatome
63
The gene responsible for the development of the sclerotome in somites. (Name one gene.)
Pax-1 or Pax-9
64
The part of the lateral plate mesoderm that contributes to limb bones, ligaments, and connective tissue.
Somatic (Parietal) Mesoderm
65
The mesodermal subdivision that forms the heart, blood vessels, and smooth muscles of internal organs.
Splanchnic (Visceral) Mesoderm
66
The structure formed by the interaction between metanephric mesenchyme (MM) and ureteric bud (UB).
Nephron
67
Name one transcription factor expressed in the head mesoderm.
Pitx2 (or Alx4, MyoR, Tbx1)
68
This organ's growth is induced by the notochord aside from the nervous system.
Pancreas
69
This type of mesoderm surrounds the intraembryonic coelom and contributes to body cavities like the pericardium and pleura.
Lateral Plate Mesoderm
70
The muscle segment derived from somites responsible for forming axial and limb muscles.
Myotome
71
Mesodermal layer that directly induces dorsal-ventral patterning of the neural tube.
Notochord
72
The embryonic process where cells from the primitive streak migrate to form different mesodermal regions.
Gastrulation
73
Specific mesodermal subdivision responsible for forming the vertebral column and ribs.
Sclerotome
74
Signaling molecule involved in the migration of paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm during chick gastrulation.
Wnt signals
75
Gene expressed during new somite formation in chick embryos.
EphA4
76
The specific component of the intermediate mesoderm that gives rise to the permanent kidneys in mammals.
Metanephros
77
The structure that gives rise to the intraembryonic coelom (future body cavities).
Lateral Plate Mesoderm
78
The two subdivisions of the lateral plate mesoderm.
* Somatic (parietal) mesoderm * Splanchnic (visceral) mesoderm
79
The embryonic structure whose growth is stimulated by notochord signals aside from somites and the neural tube.
Pancreas
80
Earliest kidney structure formed from the intermediate mesoderm during embryogenesis.
Pronephros
81
Name one major contributor to the axial, limb, and body wall musculature.
Myotome
82
Mesodermal subdivision that contributes connective tissues to the respiratory and digestive tracts.
Splanchnic mesoderm
83
Type of vertebrate segmentation most clearly seen through the somites.
Somite segmentation
84
The embryonic origin of the heart and large blood vessels.
Splanchnic (visceral) mesoderm
85
Name one tissue derived from the somatic (parietal) layer of the lateral plate mesoderm.
* Bones * Ligaments * Blood vessels * Connective tissue of limbs

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