Eden Basin

Question 1

Where is the river edens source?

Answer 1

Pennine hills in South Cumbria; flows North-west through Appleby–in-Westmorland and Carlisle.

Question 2

Where is its mouth

Answer 2

Solway Firth at the Scottish border

Question 3

what is the soft rock in eden

Answer 3

sandstone

Question 4

Where can V-shaped valleys be found

Answer 4

North-east Lake District, where the igneous and limestone rocks dominate the geology

Question 5

Where is an oxbow lake

Answer 5

where Briggle Beck joins the Eden near Salkeld

Question 6

where r meanders found

Answer 6

near salkeld

Question 7

Where is carlisle buitl upon?

Answer 7

the floodplain of the river eden

Question 8

How high is the land above sea level at Carlisle?

Answer 8

less than 100m

Question 9

Cumbria is on the west coast of the UK, this means it faces the ______ _____ ______ _____. As a result, Cumbria’s climate is ____ and ____. It often experiences periods of ____ rainfall, many of the Uk’s ____ rainfall records were recorded in Cumbria.

Answer 9

prevailing south westerly winds
mild
wet
intense
highest

Question 10

there is an average annual temp of around __-__ degrees celsius which is ________________________________________

Answer 10

5-7
significantly cooler than the lowlands due to elevation

Question 11

Average annual rainfall in cumbria is approx _____mm per year, but can exceed ______mm

Answer 11

2000
3000

Question 12

What does a lot of rainfall mean?

Answer 12

• riverbanks sluping/sliding into river channel - e.g. near Appleby
• volume of watter increase, so transportation increases, so more erosion by abrasio (particularly in the upper course)

Question 13

Expoosed limestone is vulnerable to which type of weathering?
example

Answer 13

carbonation
(carbonation weathering of limestone can be found at Great Asby Scar)

Question 14

Igneous rocks tend to be _________, meaning ______ _______ form, which have a lot of power to erode vertically, creating steep sided v-shaped vallets.

Answer 14

impermeable
surface streams

Question 15

thoughjout tue middle and lower courses of the eden, the river vallet is made up of:

Answer 15

• sandstone

Question 16

what does softer rock in the lower courses mean

Answer 16

lots of lateral erosion of the sandstone, widening the river channel and forming meanders and steep cliffs (sandstone cliffs can be found near Staffield)

Question 17

what are the 4 management schemes?

Answer 17

• flood walls and embankments
• reservoirs
• planting trees
• channel management

Question 18

Describe flood wall and embankments

Answer 18

-10km of raised flood defences
- along Rivers Eden and Caldew in Carlisle
-contain water within the river channel, so that the floodplain can be built on
- BUT they interrupt the natural processes of the river and can prevent the natural formation of meanders and the deposition of sediment on the floodplain

Question 19

Describe reservoirs

Answer 19

• Castle Carrock beck (to the SE of Carlisle) has been dammed to create a reservoir
• limit natural flow of water downstream.
  -material carried by the river is depositied in the reservoir and not along the rivers natural course
  –can increase erosion downstream and reduce the natural buildup of the floodplain in the lower courses of the river

Question 20

Describe planting trees

Answer 20

• near dalston
  -planting 1000 trees to reduce flooding and also to reduce erosion by stabilising soil
  -trees intercept raingfall and reduce surface run off
  -prevents rapid increases in the volume of water in the river because it takes longer for water to reach the channel
  -so, river has less energfy reducing lateral and vertical erosion so meanders take longer to form and therefore so do flooplains

Question 21

Describe channel management

Answer 21

• many sections of river were diverted into artificial channels to try to reduce flooding
• channel straightening makes water flow more quickly than natural, to increase erosion and decrease deposition. in artificial channels, conditions arent rught for meanders to form s the natural river landscape is changed
• some areas of the Eden basin have been restored to their original state by artificial meanders put in (such ason River Lyvennet to the SW of Appleby)
  -meanders slow river flow, increasing depositio. This encourages the river to begibn to meander more naturally, and allows the natural buildup up of the floopplains

Question 22

what are the 2 human uses

Answer 22

deforestation and farming

Question 23

Describe deforestation

Answer 23

• natural woodland and heathland have been cleared from many upland areas in the eden basin
  -increases surface run off when it rains
  -and means that more water end up in river channels more quickly
  -increase in volume means an icreae in energy for erosion and can cause sliding and slumping of river banks

Question 24

DSescribe farming

Answer 24

• som eupland areas have been drained of moisture to make them more suitable for farming
  -reduces stability of soil
  -more soil is washed into the river channel by rain
  -increased load of the river increases deposition downstream
  -changing floodplain landscape from its natural state