EDUC 1F95 - History & Philosophy of Education Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
Which culture is considered to be the “origins of the West”?
A
Ancient Greece
2
Q
Sparta vs. Athens: in what form did education take place?
A
Sparta: Education by the State
Athens: private tutorials
3
Q
What were the 4 main focuses of education in Sparta?
A
discipline
stamina
fitness
technical abilities with weapons
4
Q
What was the purpose of education in Sparta?
A
training for war
5
Q
What was the purpose of education in Athens?
A
training for culture
6
Q
What were the 5 main focuses of education in Athens?
A
music poetry drama dance & gymnastics preparation for citizenship
7
Q
What mindset did Spartan education seek to uphold?
A
military pervades all parts of daily life
8
Q
Why did Athenian education seek to teach its people to be proper citizens?
A
It was one of the first democracies
9
Q
Why was Spartan education less influential than Athenian education?
A
The only thing they were capable of was war. In times of peace, they continued to put all their time, energy and educational efforts into war.
10
Q
Sparta vs. Athens: Who was educated?
A
Sparta: both men and women. Athens: only men
11
Q
Which two ancient Greek “schools” held Hellenistic philosophies?
A
Epicureans and Stoics
12
Q
What type of view did Epicureans hold on life, and what type of life did they advocate for?
A
materialistic view on life, advocated for a “simple life”
13
Q
What was the purpose of Sophism and Rhetoric? How?
A
to increase political power & social status through emphasis on rhetoric and persuasion
14
Q
Which ancient Greek “school” were Socrates and Plato specifically opposed to?
A
Sophists/Rhetoricians
15
Q
in Greece school was not just a __________, but a _____________.
A
institution, way of life
16
Q
In Ancient Greece, relations between teachers and students were quite _________.
A
intimate
17
Q
What were two elements of school curriculum in Ancient Greece? What did each element promote?
A
Music - promoting inner harmony & balance
Gymnastics - promoting outer harmony & balance
18
Q
What was the objective of education in Ancient Greece?
A
to create a full person
19
Q
Why was education important in Ancient Greece?
A
it helped to maintain a democracy
20
Q
What four subjects did Sappho’s “arts-based” education include?
A
poetry, music, dancing, singing
21
Q
What 3 things did Sappho teach her students to help them become socially confident persons?
A
social graces, respectful conduct, formal poise
22
Q
Why was Socrates opposed to the Sophists?
A
Because they were not concerned with knowledge or truth, but merely winning an argument
23
Q
Socrates never believed that education was about arriving at a final answer but more about ____________________.
A
asking those questions
24
Q
What did Socrates claim was the goal of education?
A
to “know thyself”
25
What two things was Socrates charged with in his trial?
corrupting the youth and questioning the gods
26
What two metaphors did Socrates use to describe himself as an educator?
a torpedo fish and a midwife
27
Explain Socrates' metaphor of him being a torpedo fish as an educator
he “stung” people who were idle or indifferent, never questioning their beliefs; he aimed to provoke curiosity
28
Explain Socrates' metaphor of him being a midwife as an educator
like a midwife helps a woman bring a child into the world, he helped bring new ideas into the world or helped people “give birth” to them
29
What did Socrates believe being educated was about? (3 points)
learning how to questions conventions
clarifying what you believe in
standing behind your convictions
30
Name a function of the Socratic method
revealing ignorance the ignorance of others and himself
31
What was the name of the school founded by Plato?
Akademia
32
Describe how monumental Plato's school Akademia was (2 points)
attracted students from all around the Mediterranean
| existed for almost a thousand years
33
Name the 6 subjects studied at Akademia
```
math (geometry)
astronomy
logic
music
poetry
philosophy
```
34
Plato’s View on How to Educate a Leader: ages 7-17
students are to be trained in music & sport
35
Plato’s View on How to Educate a Leader: ages 18-20
they receive physical training and do military service
36
Plato’s View on How to Educate a Leader: ages 20-30
they learn mathematics including geometry, calculus, and arithmetic
37
Plato’s View on How to Educate a Leader: ages 30-35
they study dialectic and pure theory about ultimate principles of reality
38
Plato’s View on How to Educate a Leader: ages 35-50
they gain practical experience by taking office in the government, perhaps even taking command in war
39
Plato’s View on How to Educate a Leader: age 50
the students that have succeeded long enough will be ready to live lives of philosophical contemplation of the Good and, when needed, to assume the role of philosopher king
40
Who was Alexander the Great's tutor?
Aristotle
41
What did Aristotle believe was the goal in educating people?
to balance forces inside of them - reason and appetite/desire
42
What school did Aristotle found?
The Lyceum
43
What did Aristotle believe about human nature and what was his view of education's role in relation to human nature?
believed we are not naturally good, but naturally like an animal; believed we need to control this animalistic quality through teaching reason
44
What additions did Aristotle make to Plato's curriculum?
biology & botany, empirical research
45
What was Aristotle's philosophy on virtue?
it can be taught, and must be taught as it is not human nature
46
Was Rome a dictatorship, monarchy, republic or democracy?
republic
47
How did the state of Rome differ from Ancient Greece?
it became an empire, Greece did not
48
When did informal education take place in Rome? formal education?
500 BC: informal, 100 BC: formal schools
49
What was taught in informal Roman education? in what setting?
practical skills such as agriculture and domestic skills taught in family-based schooling
50
Who taught formal Roman education and in what setting?
```
professional teachers (not parents/relatives)
established locations for school (not home)
```
51
What is a large difference between formal and informal Roman education?
Formal education included a curriculum
52
What two skills were taught in formal Roman education?
writing and speaking
53
What was the purpose of formal Roman education?
Morality and civic education
54
In terms of ethnic origin, who were the students and teachers in Roman education?
students were very international, coming from Iraq, England, etc. to be educated in Rome
Teachers were slaves from Greece
55
How did Roman education differ from Greek?
It was more militaristic, rejected Greek emphasis on music, athletics and art
56
What were the 3 main components of Roman education?
oratory, rhetoric, and law
57
What did Roman educators use as a motivator?
Fear, physical discipline
58
What are two themes consistent among all Roman educators we studied?
cultivation of the whole person
| the importance of starting education early on in a child's life
59
What did Cicero believe was the highest accomplishment of education?
the ability to be a public speaker
60
What 4 occupations was Cicero famous for?
senator, orator, law-maker, writer
61
What did Cicero believe was a requirement to be a good public speaker?
a breadth of knowledge
62
What were Quintilian's two occupations?
lawyer, educator
63
Which Roman educator emphasized the limitations of homeschooling?
Quintilian
64
What ability did Quintilian stress?
good handwriting
65
Which Roman educator had an immense influence on the Latin language?
Cicero
66
Which Roman educator stressed that the art of speaking well must be combined with moral virtues?
Quintilian
67
Which two things did Erasmus want to combine in education?
Christianity and Classics
68
What contemporary educational practice was Erasmus opposed to and why?
didn't like overspecialization or excessive memorization
(a lot of contemporary Christian education was memorizing the Bible and other Christian writings)
wanted people to “think” not just memorize
69
Erasmus advocated for a broad education, which included:
history, philosophy, religion, literature
70
What name do we have now for the type of education Erasmus advocated?
Humanities/Liberal arts
71
What are Luther's two main accomplishments in education?
Advocacy of literacy, translation of the bible from Latin to German so that common people could read it
72
When and where did the Enlightenment take place?
around 1650-1900, mostly in Europe
73
What are 6 points of comparison (A vs. B) for before the Enlightenment and during the Enlightenment?
```
monarchy vs. democracy
tradition vs. innovation
religion vs. secularization
power of authority vs. power of reason
church vs. science
community vs. individualism
```
74
Who conducted education and why (pre-Enlightenment vs. during Enlightenment)
Pre - education done by the church to maintain faith
| During - everyone is educated, not only for the church and not within a restrictive religious context
75
Define immaturity in reference to the Enlightenment
to be immature is the inability to use your own reason, to think for yourself
76
What was the purpose of education during the enlightenment?
to cultivate the ability to reason and think for yourself
77
Why was education viewed as important during the Enlightenment? (4 points)
It was believed that it was possible to improve all of humanity through education,
people have a right to education
widespread education was necessary for democracy
promote the public use of reason
78
Why did John Locke believe education was important and useful?
He believed 90% of who we are is shaped by education
79
What was Locke's belief about human nature and how does this pertain to his view of education?
children are born without sin or without innate ideas, belief
therefore they can be shaped by the education they receive
80
What educational practice was Locke opposed to using on children?
using punishment or rewards turns children into slaves
if children always expect to be hurt or rewarded, they don’t develop the ability to reason/think for themselves because they are trained to think what they will be rewarded for
81
What did Rousseau believe about human nature, and how does this pertain to education?
He believed that humans are born good and society corrupts us; therefore, the function of education is to preserve the good in us
82
What aspect of the world did Rousseau focus on and what was his view of it?
focused on nature, had a romantic view of nature
83
What reason did Mary Wollstonecraft give for the illusion of the inferiority of women?
women were undereducated
84
What type of education for women did Wollstonecraft advocate for?
equal education to men, not just education for domestic duties
85
What are 5 possible dangers of the Enlightenment?
colonization & imperialism
science, technology and economic growth = environmental crisis
individualism
overemphasis on reason
overemphasis on measurement (consumerism)
86
Give 3 points of comparison for Native American and Euro-American education
informal vs. formal
focus on myths & stories vs. focus on European history, geography, etc.
practical, applied, useful knowledge vs. literacy (reading & writing)
87
What type of education did Jefferson promote to further democracy?
secular education
88
How did Noah Webster impact education?
created the dictionary, which allowed for language to become universal, permanent, and distinctly American (separate from British)
89
What 4 contemporary societal factors impacted 'common schools' in the Early US?
democracy, industrialization, establishing a new nation, the "Great Equalizer"
90
Which educational philosopher was considered to be the “brains” behind the public school movement?
Horace Mann
91
How were 'common schools' funded?
local taxes
92
What are the 5 main points of Horace Mann's educational contributions?
- mandatory attendance
- traveled around the US promoting education
- analyzed the state of schools to help improve them
- promoted establishment of teacher education
- the first "educational specialist"
93
What was Catharine Beecher famous for?
leading the shift away from male dominance in the profession of teaching; the first "teacher educator"
94
In what way did Catharine Beecher promote teaching as a profession for women?
an alternative to marriage
95
Who was the first famous Black educationalist?
Booker T. Washington
96
What type of education did Booker T. Washington promote?
vocational
97
Why did Booker T. Washington promote vocational education for blacks?
to help them become part of industry to achieve economic self-reliance
98
Who was the first black to get a PhD? (from Harvard)
W.E.B. DuBois
99
What was Booker T. Washington's approach to civil rights?
his belief/philosophy was that improvement of Blacks would happen through industrial education, not fighting for civil rights
start with education, political change will follow
100
Sum up DuBois' philosophy of education
Blacks need to achieve higher education in order for a 10th of the population to be "intellectually elite" e.g. doctors, lawyers, businessmen, engineers
101
What type of schools did DuBois promote? What set these schools apart?
Black colleges which taught Black culture
102
Give 3 points of comparison between Washington and DuBois.
education for industry vs. education for culture
importance of labour vs. importance of intellect
start at bottom vs. start with elite (create own elites)
103
describe Mary Bethane in 5 points
highly influential black woman in education
in conversation with DuBois and Washington
founded schools for black girls
emphasized Christian education
faced immense adversity in her life (poverty, racism)
104
Describe George Counts in 3 points
1. focused on international issues
2. believed it is necessary to understand a culture to understand its schools (culture shapes schools)
3. traveled to the Soviet Union to observe their culture and schools
105
How did Counts' trip to the Soviet Union impact him? 3 points
1. Soviets had very high respect for teachers and they were nationally celebrated
2. Thought America should adopt a similar honour for teachers
3. criticized the individualism he observed in America upon his return from the Soviet Union
106
What was Ralph Tyler famous for?
first specialist in assessment and evaluation
107
What did Ralph Tyler "invent"
instructional objectives
108
Who was the main proponent of "progressivism"?
Dewey
109
What are two factors of progressivism that Dewey promoted?
learning should come from intrinsic interest and needs of the child
education should include practical, hands-on experience like science experiments and field trips
110
How does politics play a part in education ? (3 points)
1. education is always political, whether it means to be or not
2. to be an informed citizen, you must be educated
3. minority groups can be given nor not given respect and recognition in curriculum content
111
Give 4 points describing thick democracy
participation
community
democracy as a way of life
other cultures and values are important, as are the people of those cultures
112
Give 6 points of thin democracy
```
legalistic
procedures (elections)
individualism
protects rights
history of Acts/bills/emphasis on legal documents
representatives
```
113
What are two things that political economy (a critical sociological view) emphasizes?
1. the economic dimensions of educational relationships, objectives and impacts
2. material conditions of social life
114
define critical pedagogy
education reinforces power imbalances, i.e. privilege and inequality; therefore, need to empower people and change education
