Education Flashcards
List why the middle-class outperforms the working-class.
External reasons.
- Cultural deprivation.
- Material deprivation
- Capital
List the aspects under cultural deprivation and main sociologist - class differences.
- Language - Bernstein
- Parents’ Education - Douglas
- W.C subculture - Sugarman
Explain language under cultural deprivation - class.
Bernstein
Restricted (WC) code with limited vocab, grammar.
Elaborated (MC) code –> used in school by teachers and textbooks = advantage.
Explain the role of parents’ education under cultural deprivation - class.
Douglas
W.C parents place less value on education –> less motivation.
Feinstein
MC tend to be better educated –> know how to socialize children.
What is the role of W.C. subcultures under cultural deprivation - class.
Sugarman
W.C. have barriers like fatalism, collectivism, present time orientation and immediate gratification that prevents them from thinking about the future.
M.C. have long term plans and goals.
List the aspects under material deprivation and main sociologist - class differences.
- Cost of education - Smith and Nobel /Ridge
- Housing and health - Howard
Explain the cost of education under material deprivation - class.
Tanner -Textbooks, uniform places a burden on WC parents.
Smith and Nobel - Can’t afford private tuition.
Ridge - WC kids may work –> takes time away.
Explain the role of housing and health under material deprivation - class.
Howard
WC have poor nutrition from less money spent on healthy food –> more sick –> more leave from school or hard time concentrating.
Overcrowded housing –> noisy to study or cannot sleep.
Explain Capital as an external reason - class.
Bourdieu’s 3 types
Cultural - education favours MC culture of knowledge, attitude, language.
Economic - money
Educational - spending money for tuition and better catchment areas.
List why the middle-class outperforms the working-class.
Internal reasons.
- Labelling
- Self-fulfilling prophecy
- Streaming
- Pupil subcultures
- Pupil’s class identity
Explain labelling as an internal reason - class.
Teachers attach labels based on how close they fit to ‘ideal pupil’.
Becker - found ideal is MC white kid.
Evaluate the labelling theory as an internal reason for class.
It’s deterministic.
Not everyone who is labelled, fulfills it.
Explain the self-fulfilling prophecy as an internal reason - class.
Children associate with the positive or negative label attached.
W.C negative –> anti-school subculture.
M.C positive –> pro-school subculture.
Evaluate the self-fulfilling prophecy for class.
Deterministic
Fuller’s research –> WC black girls fueled frustration to achievement.
Explain streaming as an internal reason - class.
Placing children into groups based off ability.
W.C placed in lower streams –> low self-esteem = underachieve.
What is the educational triage?
Who proposed it?
Gillborn and Youdell - how children are streamed.
Pass –> left alone.
Potential –> be helped to get C+
Hopeless cases –> left to fail
Evaluate streaming as an internal reason - class.
Streaming isn’t always negative.
Students placed in higher streams given harder work and is challenged.
Explain pupil subcultures as an internal reason - class.
Emerges as a response to streaming and labelling.
Anti-School –> lower streams –>low self-esteem –> alternative way for status = reject school values.
Pro-school –> higher streams –> committed to school values –> academic approval and status.
Evaluate pupil subcultures as an internal reason - class.
Not all join anti/pro school subcultures.
Explain pupil’s class identity as an internal reason - class.
What is a habitus?
Habitus - learned way of thinking, being or acting shared by a class.
Schools place more value on MC’s habitus –> system = advantage.
W.C habitus is devalued –> feel need to change to be successful.
Evaluate pupil’s class identity as an internal reason - class
Postmodernists
Class is not important as society is now a pick and mix culture.
Describe trends of ethnic differences.
Chinese and Indians perform best.
White British
Black
Gypsy/Roman
M.C performs better in each ethnic group.
List the external reasons for ethnic differences.
- Cultural deprivation
- Material deprivation
- Racism in Wider Society
List the aspects under cultural deprivation and main sociologist - ethnic differences.
- Language
- Family Structures and Support- Murray/ Driver and Ballard
- Attitudes and values - Amot
Explain the role of language under cultural deprivation - ethnicity.
Low-income black children lack intellectual stimulation = poor linguistic skills = disadvantage at school.
Explain family structure and support under cultural deprivation - ethnicity.
Murray
There are many African Caribbean lone-mothers = no male role models.
Driver and Ballard
Asian families have more pro-school attitude. Plus lone parents are rare.
Explain attitudes and values under cultural deprivation - ethnicity.
Amot
Media creates negative anti-school role model for black pupils.
Plus, many taught fatalism –> no long term goals.
Evaluate cultural deprivation - ethnicity.
Driver
To blame culture is to blame the victims of educational failure (not the system).
Explain material deprivation - ethnicity.
stats
Flaherty:
15% of ethnic minorities in overcrowding vs 2% whites.
Africans, Bangladeshi, Pakistani 3x more likely to be unemployed.
Evaluate material deprivation - ethinicty.
Paradoxical argument.
Doesn’t show clear link to education.
Explain racism in wider society as a reason - ethnicity.
Stats
Rex
Racism –> social exclusion –>poverty
Noon
Sent 1000 job applications
1/16 offered interview for E.M
1/9 offered interview for white.
Evaluate racism in wider society as a reason - ethnicty.
Helpful to explain why ethnic minorities face more unemployment.
List the internal factors for ethnic differences.
- Labelling
- Pupil Identities
- Pupil Responses and Subcultures
- Institutional Racism
Explain labelling (i) - ethnicity.
Giilborn and Youdell
Foster
Wright
Gilborn and Youdell
Teachers quicker to discipline black pupils –> creates conflict.
Foster
Black pupils placed in lower sets.
Wright
Asian pupils - marginalisation
Leave them out of class discussions or use childish language.
Explain labelling (i) - ethnicity.
Giilborn and Youdell
Foster
Wright
Gilborn and Youdell
Teachers quicker to discipline black pupils –> creates conflict.
Foster
Black pupils placed in lower sets.
Wright
Asian pupils - marginalisation
Leave them out of class discussions or use childish language.
Explain pupil identities (i) - ethnicity.
Archer
Teachers defined pupils using stereotypes to form 3 identities.
- Ideal pupil - white MC.
- Pathologized pupil - Asian, conformist, overachiever.
- Demonised pupil - black or white WC, underachiever.
Explain pupil responses and subcultures (i) - ethnicity.
E.M strategised to avoid racist teachers –> won’t ask for help = disadvantage.
Mirza’s 3 types of teacher racism.
What are Mirza’s 3 types of racism.
- Colour blind - believe in equality but won’t challenge.
- Liberal Chauvinists - low expectations of black.
- Overt racists - blacks inferior = discrimination.
Sewell
Black boys’ responses (4 types)
- Rebels - reject school values, reinforce ‘black macho’.
- Conformists - majority who accept values and try to succeed.
- Retreatists - disconnected from peers and school.
- Innovators - pro-education but anti-school.
Evaluate internal factors for ethnic differences.
- Indians and Chinese do well - where is the racism and labelling?
BUT Gillborn counters –> to make system look fair. Indians and Chinese put in effort. Still suffer from racism.
Explain institutional racism (i) - ethnicity.
Gillborn
Ball
Gifted and Talented
GCSE tier exams
Gillborn
Marketisation - schools pick pupils –> won’t pick negative stereotypes.
Ball
Ethnocentric curriculum - reflects dominant culture of white (e.g. no Asian history)
Gifted and Talented
White 2x more likely offered.
GCSE lower tier
E.M entered for lower tier exams as they’re in lower streams.
List the external reasons why girls outperform boys.
- Impact of feminism
- Changes in the family
- Changes in women’s employment
- Changing girl’s ambitions