education Flashcards
how was education reformed in 1918
an Act and what it did
** The Education Act 1918 **
* changed school leaving age to 14 (1918-1944)
* divided curiculum into practicle and advanced instruction based on a childs abilities
* introduced grammar schools which used testing to select students and gave scholarships to bright but poor students (widely dominated by the MC still)
transferred cost of education away from Local Authorities and towards central government
improved teachers salaries and pensions
what were the recomendations of the Hadow Committee (1926) ?
and why werent they introduced?
attempted to nationalise the education provisions =
convert the school system into primary and secondary (instead of elementary and secondary/technical)
raise school leaving age to 15
not adopted due to cost and unwillingness from LEA who still had the reponsibility of providing education.
what did the Butler Act introduce?
when was it introduced?
what was the effect of this act
**the tripartite system (secondary education) **
* secondary modern –> wc and lower mc, less funding/resources but good ones provided innovative education, 75% of all children were educated in these (post 1945)
* grammar--> aimed to open academic curricular to all, eleven plus exam
* *technical *–> least used, highest cost to run, aimed to educate in practical science and engineering, 3% of all students.
1944
allowed all children free education, including girls and the WC.
What was Labour’s approach to the education system post WW2
left Labour, Harold Wilson
growing anti-eleitist national sentiment
* selective nature of the schooling system failed to tackle the class divide
* development of comprehensive schools
* “grammar schools for all”
what were the two reports commissioned by the conservative government in 1959 / 1963?
why were they important?
The Crowther Report 1959
The Newsom report 1963
presursor to the expansion of education during the ’60s
what was the Crowther Report?
what were recomendations?
1959
recomendations for the education system to fit themore meritiocractic society post 1950
* raising age to 16
* widening 6th form subjects (included arts/humanities)
* enabling all pupils to take O levels if they wanted
* bringing in more teachers to achieve this
what was the Newsom Report?
what were recomendations?
1963
investigated disadvantaged pupils
found high turn over of teachers so little continuity for disadvantaged pupils.
* research teaching methods to help under-achieveing pupils
* more attention to personal development and sex education
* more practicle subjects rather than exams that werent suitable to all WC students.
how did the conservative party change grammar schools in the 60s?
Heath and Thatcher
grammar schools declined and many merged with comprehensives despite many conservatives being against this.
thatcher -
* increased direct funding schools
* favoured right to chose private education
* HOWEVER
* approved more mergers than any other education secretary
* comprehensive schools doubled (30% 1970 to 62% 1974)
thatcher education secretary ‘70-‘74
what were the positives and negatives of the Education Act 1976?
Labour government
attempted to abolish selective schools by ending funding to direct grant schools
**positive **
* tske the elitism out of education
* supoorted by National Union fo Teachers
* reitterated that LEA should convert grammar schools to comprehensive
negative
* forced many schools to become private and charge high fees
* forced WC students out of high level education as they were no longer covered
* didnt force grammar schools to convert so not many did
overall negative effect on educational equality.
what was progressive education?
prompted by a report
Child-centred learning
friendly and less strict environment thought to improve edcational achievement in deprived areas
Plowden Report
* ban corporal punishment
* advise rather than lecture
* more freedom in the classroom
give an example of a moral panic surrounding progressive education
William Tyndale school
* children were in charge of own education
* allowed to watch TV and elave the class
* was seen as teachers imposing socialist ideals
parents withdrew students in protest
national press created widespread panic about progressive education even through this was a rare example.
what were the academic responses to progressive education?
1 paper 1 book
The Black Papers
* critisised declingin teacher control
* accused teachers of imposing left winf ideology onto students
* didnt advocate for returning to strict school of 50s
Yellow Book
* progressive education caused harm to teaching
* didnt prepare pupils for productive roles in society
* governemnt didnt have enough control over schools
right-wing strongly opposed progressive education
how di many WC students afford university in the 20s and 30s?
- grants from LEAs and charities and scholarships
- government funded teacher training grants - had to commit to teaching after their education
- families sacrificed things to raise funds - seen as a door to a better life
how were univeristies funded at the beginning of the period?
- through government funding (1/3 of all uni funds)
- fees and endowments
government didnt interfer with workings of universities
what were the two major reports concerning universities in the 40s
what did they say
percy report 1945
Barlow report 1946
* more science and engineering subjects over traditional latin subjects
* greater gvernment funding to facilitate the increase in students due to the Butler Act
not much changed
15% of applicants successful 1961
universities resistant to change
