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AS Sociology > Education > Flashcards

Education Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

Cultural Deprivation

A

A student lacking the ‘cultural equipment’ to do well in school.

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2
Q

Language

A

Bernstein (1975) - Restricted and Elaborated code
W/C can’t grasp concept taught in school compared to M/C putting them at an advantage.

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3
Q

Language AO3

A

Bernstein says that it’s not the homes fault for not socializing their children but schools fault for not teaching them the elaborated code.

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4
Q

Parents Education

A

Douglas (1964) - W/C parents place less value on their children’s education
Feinstein (2008) - M/C parents who are educated tend to socializes their children to be positive towards education.

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5
Q

Subcultures

A

Sugarman’s four subcultures:
- Fatalism
-Collectivism
-Immediate gratification (want rewards now)
-Present-time orientation (caring more about the present then the future)

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6
Q

Compensatory Education

A

Programmes that aim to tackle cultural deprivation by providing school’s with extra resources in deprived areas.

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7
Q

Sure start (New Labour 2010)

A

Centres aiming to help provide integrated education for those in deprived areas though these have shut down since the funding cuts made in 2011.

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8
Q

Cultural Deprivation AO3

A

Keddie - a child can’t be deprived of its culture just be culturally different and schools need to cater to this.

Blackstone and Mortimore - working class parents may be working more hours or may want to help but lack the knowledge to do so.

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9
Q

Material Deprivation

A

Poverty

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10
Q

Housing

A

Direct:
-overcrowding making studying or homework hard.
-Temporary accommodation may change schools causing disruption.

Indirect:
-Cold or damp can lead to illness
-Crowding leads to a greater risk of injury

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11
Q

Diet and Health

A

Howard - Those with poor diets don’t get the vitamins for a strong immune system making it easier for them to get sick.

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12
Q

Cost of Education

A

Tanner - cost of education equipment puts a strain on poor families

Flaherty - fear of stigmatisation means 20% of children who have free school meals take them

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13
Q

Fear of Debt

A

Callendar & Jackson - w/c students are more debt adverse

Only 28% of students at uni are w/c

Drop-out rates higher for w/c universities

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14
Q

Parents A03

A

Feinstein - despite income levels parents who are better educated make a positive contribution to their children’s education

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15
Q

Cultural Capital (Bourdieu)

A

He’s a marxist who says cultural and material factors are important factors in children’s education. Creating the three capitals.

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16
Q

Habitus

A

Taken for granted ways of thinking, being and acting shared by a class. Includes taste and preferences. M/c habitus influences education so school puts more value on middle-class interests.

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17
Q

Cultural Capital

A

The knowledge, attitude, values and language of the m/c.

Bernstein - through socialisation m/c can grasp and understand abstract ideas.

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18
Q

Educational and Economic Capital

A

the triangle

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19
Q

Topic Two

A

Class Differences in Achievement

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20
Q

Labelling

A

Becker (1971) - interview 60 Chicago High School teachers and found they judged their students based on precised traits of an ideal student.

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21
Q

Ideal Student AO3

A

In w/c areas the issue was behaviour not ability. In m/c areas the issue was ability rather then behaviour.

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22
Q

Labelling in primary school

A

Rist (1970)

Tigers - fast learners seated closest to her

The clowns and cardinals - seated away from her with lower level books and couldn’t show their abilities as much.

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23
Q

Self fulfilling prophecy

A

Rosenthal & Jacobsen (1968) - lied about having a test to see pupils IQ and identified 20% of random students as ‘spurters’. Then a year later 47% had improved based on their teachers attitude.

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24
Q

Labelling AO3

A

Marxist argue that labelling ignores the wider structural inequalities that influence labels and stereotypes.

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25
Streaming
Gillborn & Youdell - the educational triage
26
Pupil Subculture
Lacey Differentiation - teachers categories based of perceived abilities Polarisation - anti school and pro school.
27
Streaming AO3
Ball - with streaming removed pupils were less likely to be influenced into an anti school subculture. Teachers still differentiated. Woods: integration - teacher's pet Ritualism - going through the motions Retreatism - daydreaming Rebellion - outright rejection
28
Pupil's Class Identity
Archer - w/c students felt symbolic violence from school so created their own identities through style to gain symbolic capital from their peers. Nike identities, not adhering leading to social suicide.
29
Topic Three
Ethnic Differences in Achievement
30
Intellectual and Linguistic Skills
Beriter & Englemann - language spoken by low income black students wasn't adequate for school. Gillborn & Mirza - argue Indian pupils do very well despite English not being their first language.
31
Attitudes and Values
CD theorists say black students have a lack of motivation for education
32
Family Structure
Moynihan - black families headed by a lone mother Pryce - Black Caribbean less resistant to racism making them have low self esteem and underachieve Sewell - believes its a lack of fatherly nurturing so they turn to media portrayal of black masculinity.
33
Asian Families
Sewell - Asian work ethic Lupton - fathers mimic teachers authority
34
White Working Class Families
McCulloch - ethnic minorities more likely to aspire to university then white british Lupton - ethnic minorities see education as a way up in society
35
Topic Four
Gender Differences
36
Girls Achievement (External)
The impact of feminism - McRobbie compared magazines from 1970 focusing in on marriage to 1990 focusing on being an independent woman Changes in family - Rise in divorce rates meaning a strong female role model Changes in women's employment - equal pay act and breaking through the glass ceiling Girl's changing attitudes - Fuller found educational success became apart of a girls identity. Sharpe interviewd girls from 1974 (cared about marriage and children more then education) and 1990 (cared more about their career)
37
Girls Achievement (Internal)
Polices such as Gist and Wise help to get women in none traditional fields. National Curriculum. Positive female role models in education. Gorard (2005) - the gap is down to the change in assessment not the change in boys. Elwood - coursework is not the decider in the final grade.
38
Girls Achievement (Internal pt2)
Francis - boys are disciplined worse and had low self esteem from being picked on by teachers. Swann - boys dominate whole class discussions whereas girls are better at listening and discussing Weiner - since 1980s teachers have challenged sexist images in textbooks and have since been removed. Jackson - higher achieving girls look more attractive to schools compared to low achieving boys. Slee - boys behaviour makes them less attractive as they're 4x more likely to be excluded.
39
Liberal and Radical Feminists
Liberal: Celebrate the progress made so far and believe further progress will be made through the equal opportunity polices. Like Functionalist believe the system is meritocratic. Radical: Believe girls are sexually harassed at school while also having limits on subject and career choices. Women are underrepresented in the curriculum and males are more likely to be headteachers.
40
Girl Identities
Archer: Bring loud at become independent and and assertive though it causes clashes with teachers Having a boyfriend to gain symbolic capital from peers though it gets in the way of school work. Hyper-heterosexual feminine identity putting significant time, money and effort into creating said identity.
41
Boys Achievement (External)
Boys have poor literacy skills as mothers spend more l=time reading with girls rather than boy as reading is seen as a feminine activity. Mitsos & Browne - the male identity crisis as traditional male jobs have either moved overseas or turned automated.
41
Boys Achievement (Internal)
Sewell - the curriculum is feminized and doesn't nurture traditional male traits Yougov 39% of 8-11 year old boys have no lessons with a male teacher Epstein - w/c boys are harassed and bullied if they're considered to be 'swots'
42
Boys Achievement AO3
Francis - 2/3 of all 7-8 year old's didn't feel the gender of their teacher mattered
43
Polices for Boys and Girls
Boys: Dads and Sons Teacher Recruitment National Literacy Strategy Girls: WISE GIST National Curriculum
44
Gender Policies AO3
Ringrose - believes we've created a moral panic around boys education. Osler - focus on underachieving boys will cause girls to disengage from school slowly whereas =boys laddish subculture draws teachers attention
45
Gender and Subject Choice
Browne & Ross - gender domains are tasks and activities we see as our gender. Children tend to be more confident in what they see as their gender domains. Dewar - male students called girls 'lesbians' if they were sporty Careers are highly gendered which may limit the reality of jobs available to certain genders and explains why vocational courses are gender-specific.
46
Subject Choice AO3
Leonard - girls from an all girls school are more likely to take math's and science and boys more likely to take English and languages.
47
Pupils Sexual Identity
Lees - boys called girls slags if they were sexually available and drags if they weren't. Paechter - Use of names to maintain male power by policing peers sexual identity. Mac an Ghaill - The male gaze is used as surveillance and reinforces hypersexual masculinity to prove to their friends.
48
Teachers and Discipline
Haywood & Mac an Ghaill - male teachers told boys off for behaving like boys but ignored girls being verbally abuse.
49
Peer Groups
Male: Willis - boys i the laddish subculture who wanted to do well in school were labelled as gay. Female: Ringrose - An idealized feminine identity to show loyalty to friends. A sexualized identity so competing for boys in dating culture.
50
Topic Five
Social Policy
51
Before 1988
School was only available to a small population until the industrial revolution creating a need for educated workers making school compulsory from ages 5-13
52
Tripartite System (1944)
11+ exam Grammar schools Secondary modern schools Technical schools Only reproduced inequality as girls had to score higher then boys
53
Comprehensive System (1965)
Abolished the 11+ and grammar schools replaced with comprehensive schools. Though it was up to local authorities whether they switched and many didn’t.
54
Comprehensive System AO3
Ford - little integration due to streaming Marxist - reproduced class inequality through streaming and labelling
55
Selective Schooling
Selection by ability - private schools still test from the age of 11 Selection by aptitude - specialist schools can take up to 10% of students who excel at certain subjects
56
Selective Schooling AO3
Late developers may not be able to move school Gains for certain students cancelled out by the amount of disadvantaged modern schools
57
Covert Selection
Tough & Brooks - cherry picking those who they think will be high achievers
58
1978 - 1997 Conservative Vocationalism
Introduced apprenticeships and NVQs to deal with youth unemployment
59
Vocationalism AO3
Cheap labour for employers Reducing politically embarrassing unemployment rates
60
1988 Education Reform Act
League tables and ofsted Open enrolment Funding formula Business sponsorships
61
Parentocracy
David - power shifts to the parents as they have more control over their children’s education and raises standards
62
Marketisation AO3
Bartlett - notes league tables cause cream skimming and slit shifting The funding formula provides more money to schools with more kids. The more money they have the better equipment they have the more kids want to go there the more selective they can be
63
Parental Choice
Gewirtz: Privileged-skilled choosers Disconnected-local choosers Semi-skilled choosers
64
Myth of Parentocracy
Ball - it is a myth as it reproduces inequality. Leech and Campos - parents who have money can move to the catchment areas of better schools
65
1997-2010 New Labour
Education Action Zones EMA Increased state funding for education Sure Start centres
66
New Labour AO3
Benn - they contradict themselves as they want to reduce marketisation but increased tuition fees. The NEW LABOUR PARADOX
67
2010 - 2015 Coalition Government
Academies - school encouraged to leave local authority funding given straight from the government to schools. They had control over their own curriculum. Free Schools - set up and run by parents or businesses. Allen - 20% of schools were free schools and only benefitted the highly educated families.
68
Coalition AO3
Ball - fragmentation of the education system as we use a patchwork of diverse provision Centralisation of control so the government has more control then anyone
69
Coalition Government and Inequality
Free School Meals Pupil premium (ofsted)
70
2015+ Conservative
Funding cuts of 8% to schools Increased the number of grammar schools Grading system shifted to 1-9 system The content of A-Level and GCSEs made me more academically demanding
71
Endogenous Privatisation
Within the education system Sponsored activities from local businesses Performance targets so teachers are paid more Schools spend more time marketing then they do on students
72
Exogenous Privatisation
Global, private exam boards Classroom tools Academies and academy trusts
73
Cola-isation of schools
Businesses buy into schools to develop a brand loyalty such as in vending machines or sports equipment
74
Globalization of Education
Ball - other countries have take UK policies such as OFSTED inspections
75
Education as a Commodity
Ball - education is becoming a legitimate object of profit making. A commodity to be bought and sold.
76
Impact of Globalisation
Increased migration leading to more diverse classrooms Greater flow of ideas around the world Focus on teaching pupils they’re apart of a global community
77
Topic Six
The Role of Education
78
Functionalist
Education provides social solidarity as we feel part of a single body. Education is society on a mini and provides us with the norms and values of wider society. Teaches specialist skills for the the social decision of labour.
79
Parsons
Children are judged by a patriarchal standard in the family and a universal standard at school.
80
Role Allocation
Education sifts and sorts people into what they’re best suited for. Everybody isn’t made equal and it’s irresponsible to make those less than qualified pilots or surgeons.
81
Functionalist AO3
Wolf Report in 2011 found that most apprenticeships aren’t high quality and were rare if so. Tumin - how do we know which jobs are important and which aren’t.
83
What are official statistics?
Statistics produced by the government
84
How do they collect statistics?
Registration and official surveys
85
Who favours offical statistics?
Positivists - they’re reliable and quantitive so can test hypothesis and cause and effect relationship
86
What case study uses offical statistics ?
Durkheim suicide
87
Practical strengths and weaknesses
S - Cost efficient plus you can compare across time W - May not have the information you need and definitions change over time
88
Ethical strengths and weaknesses
S - All ethical issues have been sorted out and no need for consent W - Some may have harmful effects and some can be wrong
89
Theoretical strengths and weaknesses
S - Hard stats provide validity and Positivits prefer it as its reliable W - Serves the interest of Capitalism

AS Sociology (1 decks)

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