education Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
what are the external factors on education
A
cultural deprivation
cultural capital
material deprivation
2
Q
what does cultural deprivation mean
A
lacking attitudes, knowledge and values of society to succeed
consists of:
language
parent’s education
w/c subculture
3
Q
who came up with speech codes and what are they
A
bernstein
restricted code & elaborated code
4
Q
explain restricted and elaborated code
A
r - w/c, limited, short, grammatically simple
e - m/c, complex, descriptive, useful in essays
5
Q
what does feinstein say about parents influence
A
parents education/achievement is the main factor for children’s education
6
Q
what does douglas say about parents influence
A
w/c parents place less value on education, less ambitious for their children
7
Q
how does parenting style affect achievement
A
parents w/ higher qualifications emphasise consistent discipline, high expectations, support by encouraging exploration
parents w/ less have harsh inconsistent discipline -> prevents child learning independence, poor motivation
8
Q
how does parental educational behaviour effect achievement
A
m/c parents spend more on resources, can understand work and help child
9
Q
what does sugarman argue
A
w/c have different goals to m/c
10
Q
what are the features of the w/c subculture according to sugarman
A
immediate gratification
fatalism
present time orientation
collectivism
11
Q
explain w/c subculture: immediate gratification
A
w/c pupils prioritise short term rewards
can’t stick to long term rewards like qualifications, may not stick to school
12
Q
explain w/c subculture: fatalism
A
believe outcomes are predetermined, can’t be changed through effort
lack motivation to work hard
13
Q
explain w/c subculture: present time orientation
A
focus on present
don’t plan for future
14
Q
explain w/c subculture: collectivism
A
value group loyalty than individual achievement
don’t stand out academically
15
Q
what are the features of m/c subculture according to sugarman
A
deterred gratification
ambition
future time orientation
individualism
16
Q
explain m/c subculture: deterred gratification
A
value long term rewards over immediate
17
Q
explain m/c subculture: ambition
A
believe hard work and effort shape’s the future
persistence in education
18
Q
explain m/c subculture: future time orientation
A
planning for long term success
19
Q
explain m/c subculture: individualism
A
students stand out
achieve personal success
20
Q
what is compensatory education
A
aims to tackle cultural derivation by providing extra resources in deprived communities
21
Q
what is operation head start
A
develop skills, instil achievement motivation
improve parenting skills, home visits, setting up nursery classes
sesame street
22
Q
what are the 3 names that evaluate cultural deprivation
A
keddie
tronya & williams
blackstone & mortimore
23
Q
what does keddie argue about cultural deprivation
A
cultural deprivation is myth
children can’t be deprived of own culture
w/c are culturally different not deprived
fail due to m/c dominated education system
24
Q
what does tronya & williams argue about cultural deprivation
A
teachers have speech hierarchy
m/c speech as highest, w/c, then black speech
25
what does blackstone & mortimore argue about cultural deprivation
w/c parents less involved due to working long hours
lack knowledge, making it harder to help child
26
what is material deprivation
lack of material necessities
poverty
27
what does flaherty say about material deprivation
w/c families have more non attendance in school due to money issues
28
what does howard say about material deprivation
w/c children have poor diet & nutrition causing weak immune systems and energy levels
leading to absences and poor concentration
29
what do blandin & machin say about material deprivation
w/c children behave disruptively in school
30
what does tanner say about material deprivation
school equipment costs burden w/c families
31
what does smith & noble say about material deprivation
w/c can't afford private tuition
32
what does ridge say about material deprivation
w/c children have jobs that affect focus on school
33
what does callender & jackson say about material deprivation
fear of debt puts w/c of university
34
what is sure start
tackle poverty & social exclusion
family support, education
promote intellectual development in disadvantaged children break cycle of poverty
centres now closed
35
what are the 3 types of capital according to bourdieu
cultural
economic
educational
36
what is cultural capital
advantages m/c w/ knowledge, attitudes, values that are socially valued
37
what is economic capital
used to pay for activities e.g educational trips, resources
38
what is educational capital
m/c children have skills & knowledge to perform well at school
39
what did leech & campos find
m/c parents can afford houses in catchment area of desirable schools
selection by mortgage
40
who conducted the study that supports bourdieu's capital
sullivan
41
what did sullivan's study find
assessed cultural capital, using vocabulary & knowledge
those who read complex fiction, & watched documentaries developed wider knowledge & vocab
m/c families have greater resources/ aspirations
42
what is the definition of labelling
process of attaching a definition to an individual
43
explain becker's research
interviewed 60 chicago teachers
found judge students, ideal pupil
m/c closer to ideal
w/c badly behaved etc
44
what are the key names linked to labelling
becker
hempel - jorgensen
dunne & gazeley
rist
rosenthal & jacobson
45
what did hempel - jorgensen find
w/c school - ideal pupil was quiet and obedient
m/c school - ideal pupil has personality & academic
46
what did dunne & gazeley find
teachers normalise w/c underachievement
underestimate w/c, enter for easier exams
help m/c overcome underachievement
47
what did rosenthal & jacobson find
self fulfilling prophecy
picked random spurters as smartest
spurters significantly progressed
48
what is setting
putting pupils in groups based on ability in specific subjects
49
what is streaming
putting pupils into the same class for all subjects based on perceived ability
50
who is most likely to be in lower streams
w/c pupils
51
what did douglas find about streaming
children placed in lower streams at 8 have lower iq by 11
those placed in higher streams have higher iq by 11
52
who came up with the a-c economy and educational triage
gillborn & youdell
53
what does gillborn & youdell say about streaming
teachers are less likely to see w/c black pupils as high ability, so placed in lower streams
streaming is linked to league tables
54
explain the A-C economy
schools prioritise time, effort, resources on pupils w/ grade c potential to boost league table rank
55
what is the educational triage
1. those who'll pass anyways
2. borderline pass
3. hopeless
hopeless cases abandoned, focus on borderline c's to improve league table rank
56
what does lacey state
subcultures
differentiation and polarisation
57
what is differentiation
process where teachers categorise students based on perceived ability, attitude & behaviour
58
what is polarisation
when pupils respond to streaming, by becoming pro school or anti school subcultures
59
what is ball's study about streaming
when streaming is removed, polarisation (subcultures) stops, differentiation continues
cause sfp
60
who came up with pupil responses
woods
61
what are the pupil responses
ingratiation
ritualism
retreatism
rebellion
62
what do all the pupil responses mean
ingratiation - being the teachers pet
ritualism - going through the motions, staying out of trouble
retreatism - mucking about
rebellion - rejecting everything the school stands for
63
criticims of labelling theory
accused of determinsim, assumes pupils have no choice but to fulfil prophecy, inevitably fail
marxists - ignore wider structures e.g class
64
who came with the term habitus
bourdieu
65
what is a habitus
way of thinking, being and acting shared by a particular class
e.g preferences and lifestyle
66
how is a habitus formed
response to position in class structure
m/c have the power to define theirs as superior
67
what is symbolic capital
gained by m/c pupils for recognition and status as they have same habitus as schools
68
what is symbolic violence
withholding symbolic capital from w/c pupils
w/c habitus deemed inferior, lacks value
69
what does archer argue: identities
w/c pupils have to change how they talk and present themselves to be educationally succesful
t/f process of losing yourselves
70
what are nike identities
w/c seek alternative status through branded clothes
approval from peers
71
what does maguire state about w/c identities
w/c cultural capital of my childhood counted for nothing in new grammar school setting
72
what statistic did chubb and moe find
pupils from low income families do 5% better in private than state schools
73
what are chubb and moe's solution
voucher given to families, used to buy education school of choice
schools become responsive to parents
improve product, compete for customers
74
examples of marketisation
league tables
ofsted
formula funding
academies
school choice
cream skimming
75
explain league tables
schools ranked based on how well performing
this increases quality of school as competition is raised
76
explain formula funding
popular schools get better funding
77
explain willis' findings
qualitative, p/s observation, unstructured interviews
the lads resisted school, truant etc
end up in inferior jobs
willis disagrees w/ correspondence principle
78
what act brought in the tripartite system
1944 butler act
79
explain the tripartite system
grammar schools - academic, mainly m/c, pass 11+
technical schools - lower m/c / skilled manual w/c
secondary modern - non academic, practical curriculum, w/c
80
a03 of tripartite system
hardworking w/c can gain good education
reproduces class inequalities
reproduces gender inequality (girls need higher mark in 11+ to pass)
81
what policy made education more meritocratic
1965 comprehensive school act
82
what did the 1965 comprehensive school act do
make education meritocratic, make schools comprehensive
although not all did
83
what is marketisation
introducing consumer choice & competition in education
provides parentocracy
84
what do ball & whitty argue
marketisation reproduces class inequalities
85
what is cream skimming
schools choose high achievers m/c
86
what is silt shifting
schools avoid less able pupils to keep high ranks
87
who came up with parental choice and the myth of parentocracy
gerwitz
88
what are the 3 types of parents that gerwitz identifies
privileged skilled choosers
disconnected local choosers
semi skilled choosers
89
explain what privileged skilled choosers are
m/c parents w/ resources & knowledge to navigate school system
cultural capital to make informed decisions selecting strong academic schools
90
explain what disconnected local choosers are
w/c parents desire best schools but lack knowledge & time
limited choices so choose local schools
91
explain what semi skilled choosers are
w/c parents, involved in choosing schools, less advantages than m/c
motivated to find good school, struggle to fully understand complex factors
try to make best choice w/ limited knowledge
92
what does social selection mean in terms of parental choice
m/c end up in good schools
w/c don’t
93
name 3 policies the labour party came up w/ for education 1997-2010
tuition fees for uni
education maintenance
allowance
city academies - fresh start to struggling w/c schools
94
what are education maintenance allowances (ema)
encourage students to attend sixth form
95
criticism of new labour party educational policies
benn
contradiction between policies to tackle inequality and commitment to marketisation 'new labour paradox'
96
name 2 conservative gov policies for education from 2010
academies - not just disadvantaged schools
free schools - run by parents & organisations
97
who came up with fragmented centralisation
ball
98
what does fragmented centralisation mean
mix of different types of schools controlled by the government
99
what is the definition of privatisation
transfer of public assets to private companies
100
what does ball say about privatisation
education services industry
education is a source of profit for capitalists e.g gaining consumers
101
explain the blurring of public and private boundary of education
senior officials leave public sectors e.g head teacher to work in private education business
pollack - companies buy inside knowledge to sin contracts and provide services for schools
102
what is cola-lisation
vending machines on school premises show brand loyalty
sponsorships and logos are way to profit off of schools
103
what does molnar argue about cola-lisation
private companies target schools to carry goodwill, for good publicity and product endorsement
104
ao3 for cola-lisation / privatisation
marxist hall argues privatisation driving up standards is a myth to legitimise turning education into source of profit
105
outline two ways globalisation has influenced educational policies
1. uk adopted privatisation policies from other countries
led to global companies involved in curriculum and assessment development
2. growth of internet offers new ways to access info and testing
some schools have policies on home based learning
106
definition of ethnicity
people who share common history, customs & identity
language
distinct unit
107
what does hastings say about ethnicity & education
white pupils make less progress between 11-16 than black and asian pupils
108
what do cultural deprivation theorists argue about language and ethnicity
black ethnic minorities lack intellectual & developed reasoning
bereiter & engelmann - language in low income black homes is inadequate for educational success e.g ungrammatical
109
a03: cultural deprivation theorists language and ethnicity
gillborn & mirza - indian pupils do well despite not english speaking at home
labov - black speech is perfectly logical
110
what do cultural deprivation theorists argue about attitudes and ethnicity
failure of black children due to lack of motivation
socialised into fatalistic culture
parsons - em pupils have higher career aspirations than white pupils & aspire for high paying jobs
111
what do cultural deprivation theorists argue about family structure, parental support and ethnicity
moynihan - black families lone mothers, children lack role model, adequate care
murray
pryce - racial low self esteem
112
explain black sociologist pryce's explanation for cultural deprivation: ethnicity and family structure
asian culture resistant to racism so high achievers, family structure stayed same, high self worth
black experienced slavery, loss of language, family system t/f low self esteem, underachieve
113
what does sewell argue about ethnicity and underachievement (external)
absent fathers not an issue
problem is lack of tough love, turn to gang role model
can be overcome by raising aspirations & expectations of black boys
114
what evidence does arnot present for black boys and underachievement (external): role models
media created negative anti school role model for black pupils e.g tough ghetto superstar
115
ao3 for cultural deprivation: lawrence
underachievement is caused by racism not low self esteem
116
what do drive and ballard say about asian ethnic differences in achievement (external)
asian families have positive attitudes towards education
high aspirations for future
117
ethnic differences (external): white w/c families
lupton - lower aspirations & achievement due to lack of parental support
mcculloh - em aspire more to go uni than white pupils
118
what are two stats on material deprivation linked to ethncity from palmer
half em children live in low income households
em twice as likely to be unemployed as whites
119
what are two reasons for material deprivation in ethnic minorities
lack recognised qualifications
racism in workplace
120
what does rex say about ethnic minorities (external)
racism leads to social exclusion and poverty
121
what does wood say about ethnic minorites and racism (external)
sent identical applicationsw/ different names e.g evans & patel
replies to white names were more helpful
122
what did gillborn and youdell say about teacher racism (internal)
quick to discipline black pupils
racialised expectations
123
what does bourne say about teacher racism (internal)
black boys seen as threat so labelled -> exclusion
124
what are the pupil identities that archer came up with (internal)
ideal pupil identity
pathologised pupil identity
demonised pupil identity
125
what is the ideal pupil identity according to archer
white m/c heterosexual
achieves through natural ability
126
what is the pathologised pupil identity according to archer
asian, feminised
conformist, achieves through hardwork
127
what is the demonised pupil identities according to archer
black/white w/c hyper sexualised
culturally deprived underachiever
128
what does archer argue how teachers stereotype asian girls
passive and repressed
129
what sociologist rejects negative ethnic labels
fuller
130
what does fuller state about ethnicity, girls and labels
black girls are high achievers, channel anger of negative stereotype into educational success
131
