Education Flashcards
(76 cards)
1
Q
What is a grammar school?
A
Free to attend State Schools that Select pupils using the ‘11’ examination.
2
Q
What are academy schools?
A
State Schools funded by the Department of Education, independent of local authority control.
3
Q
What defines free schools?
A
Government funded but not run by local authorities, with more control over operations.
4
Q
What must all state schools follow?
A
National curriculum, but they can choose what to teach in PS.
5
Q
What are same-sex schools?
A
Schools that select students based on gender.
6
Q
What is a state boarding school?
A
Education is free, but students have to pay for boarding.
7
Q
What is a private/independent school?
A
Students pay fees to attend, independent of regulations.
8
Q
What characterizes a public school?
A
Long established and fee-paying, requiring an entrance exam to attend.
9
Q
What is the focus of an international school?
A
Caters to the international community and follows the international curriculum.
10
Q
What is pupil referral?
A
Alternative education provision for students who cannot attend mainstream schools.
11
Q
What is special education?
A
Tailored educational programs for students with special needs.
12
Q
What is home schooling?
A
Education provided by parents or guardians at home.
13
Q
What is the difference between state schools and private schools?
A
State schools are government-funded, while private schools require tuition fees.
14
Q
Fill in the blank: Schools that select based on gender are called _______.
A
same-sex schools.
15
Q
True or False: Academy schools are run by local authorities.
A
False.
16
Q
Fill in the blank: Education in state boarding schools is _______ but students pay for boarding.
A
free.
17
Q
A
18
Q
What is the functionalist perspective on education?
A
It views society as a system of interdependent parts held together by a shared culture or value consensus.
19
Q
Define human capital in the context of education.
A
Workers’ skills that contribute to the economy.
20
Q
What is the hidden curriculum?
A
Norms and values learned within school but taught outside of formal education (e.g., manners).
21
Q
What are universalistic values?
A
The idea that the same rules apply to everyone (e.g., laws).
22
Q
Define particularistic values.
A
Rules that apply to that particular child, treating them as unique and special.
23
Q
Who emphasized socialization and social solidarity as a function of education?
A
Durkheim.
24
Q
What is the function of education according to Parsons?
A
It acts as a bridge between family and society.
25
What does Schultz argue is a function of education?
Developing human capital.
26
What is the role allocation function of education according to Davis and Moore?
Selecting and allocating people to their future jobs.
27
What is a contemporary example of social solidarity in education?
Teaching shared values and beliefs, such as British values.
28
Fill in the blank: The function of preparing students for wider society is known as _______.
socialization into value consensus.
29
What educational practice is associated with teaching specialist skills?
Vocational apprenticeships.
30
True or False: Streaming students is a method that reflects the functionalist perspective on education.
True.
31
What is included in the hidden curriculum?
PSHE lessons, rules, and uniform.
32
33
What is the New Right view of education?
A conservative political view that incorporates neoliberal economic ideas and favors marketisation of education.
34
What is a central principle of New Right thinking?
The belief that the state cannot meet people's needs and that individuals should meet their own needs through the free market.
35
List similarities between the New Right and functionalist views.
* Both believe some are more naturally talented than others.
* Both believe education should socialise children into shared values.
* Favours an education system based on meritocracy.
* Believes education should prepare children to work.
36
What do John Chubb and Terry Moe argue about state-run education in the United States?
* It has not created equal opportunity for disadvantaged groups.
* It is inefficient and fails to produce pupils with necessary skills for the economy.
* Private schools provide higher quality education because they are answerable to paying customers.
37
What do Chubb and Moe propose for state education?
The introduction of a market system that would put control in the hands of consumers (parents and local communities).
38
What is the purpose of introducing a voucher system in education according to Chubb and Moe?
To allow families to spend on education from a school of their choice, making schools more responsive to parents' wishes.
39
True or False: Chubb and Moe believe that the introduction of competition among schools would improve quality and efficiency.
True
40
Fill in the blank: The New Right favours the _______ of education.
[marketisation]
41
What is the main source of income for schools in the proposed voucher system?
Vouchers given to families.
42
What do schools need to do to attract 'customers' in a market education system?
Improve their 'product' and be more responsive to parents.
43
What is the correspondence principal?
A Marxist ideology stating that education mirrors the world of work. Working class pupils are prepared for their role as exploited workers in the future.
44
How does school mirror the world of work according to Marxists?
Hierarchy- in school, students are bottom tier, and answer to teachers and headteachers. In work, they will answer to their manager and boss.
Alienation - in school, students have no choice over what they learn. In work, people lack control over their job.
Competitions - in school, pupils are encouraged to come top of the class with prizes and behaviour points. In work, they compete for promotions and bonuses.
45
What is extrinsic satisfaction according to Marxists?
Part of the correspondence principal- in schools, students are satisfied with their exam result and qualifications rather than learning. In workplaces, wages provide satisfaction instead of actual work tasks.
46
What are the four functions of education according to functionalists?
- Socialisation and social solidarity
- bridge between family and society
- developing human capital
- role allocation
47
What are the external factors causing class differences in educational achievement?
Language
Parental education
Working class subculture
Material deprivation
48
How does language influence class educational achievement?
Basil Bernstein found 2 types of speech code, restricted and elaborate. The restricted code is used by working class, and has limited vocabulary and simple grammar, leaving children inadequately prepared for school. The elaborate code is used by middle class families and uses complex grammar and a wider range of vocabulary. This allows middle class children to be able to analyse and evaluate texts, preparing them for assessments in school.
49
How does parental education influence class differences in educational achievement?
Feinstein says since middle class parents are more highly educated, so can give them an advantage. For example, the middle class are more aware of how to assist a child’s progress and can afford expert advice. They can also use their income for educational resources which working class parents can’t access.
50
How does working class subculture affect class differences in educational achievement?
Working class believe in fatalism, and think there is nothing they can do to change their status. They also value being part of a group rather than individually succeeding.
51
What is material deprivation in the sense of education?
Not having the resources to do well in school - linked to poverty. Poverty is closely linked to educational underachievement, for example, 90% of failing schools are in deprived areas.
52
What are some impacts of material deprivation?
Fewer opportunities
Discrimination
Criminality
Poor diet
Poor attendance
53
How can housing affect educational achievement?
If houses are overcrowded, it’s harder to sleep or study. Temporary accommodation can lead to psychological distress, causing trouble focusing and can even lead to physical health issues.
54
What are internal factors in class differences in educational achievement?
Labelling
Streaming
Self fulfilling prophecy
Pupil subcultures
55
What is labelling and how does it affect class educational achievement?
Labelling is when meanings or definitions are attatched to a pupil. Studies show that teachers often label students based on stereotypical assumptions about their class background.
56
What is the self fulfilling prophecy?
After a teacher labels a student (intelligent), they treat them accordingly (higher expectations) and the pupil internalises the teachers expectations. The pupil will gain confidence and be more successful. this can also work negatively.
57
How can streaming affect working class pupils?
More likely to be places in lower sets, so entered into foundation exams and not able to get the high grades.
58
What is a pupil subculture?
A pupil subculture is a group of pupils who share similar values and behaviour patterns. They often occur as a result of labelling and streaming.
59
What are the 2 main pupil subcultures?
Pro School- generally middle class, placed in high streams. Work hard, do extracurricular activities, committed to school.
Anti School - working class, placed in low streams. Mess around, truant, fight.
60
How do schools shape pupils identities?
Ethnocentric curriculum, uniforms, labelling
61
What is Bordieu’s concept of habitus?
Habitus are learned ways of thinking and acting according to a particular social class.
62
What is middle class habitus?
-reading newspapers
-going to theatre
-watching documentaries
63
What is working class habitus?
- reading gossip mags
-going to pubs
-watching soap operas/reality tv
64
How do the middle class have an advantage in relation to symbolic capital?
-middle class have a more elaborate language code
-can travel to experience history and geography
-can afford instruments and music lessons
65
What is a Nike Identity according to Louise Archer?
Working class finding alternative ways to create status and value around schools: invest in branded clothes, particularly Nike.
66
Describe the relationship between ethnicity and GCSE results?
Asian, particularly Chinese students get the highest percentage of grade 5 and above. Gypsy and travellers and significantly less than other ethnic backgrounds. Black Caribbean students underachieve, while Black Africans overachieve.
67
What is an external factor affecting different educational achievement in ethnicity?
Factors outside of school - cultural deprivation, material deprivation and racism in wider society.
68
How do linguistic skills affect ethnic differences in educational achievement?
Many argue low-income black families lack intellectual stimulation, leaving them poorly equipped for school. Bereiter and Englemenn consider language spoken by black families as ungrammatically and disjointedly, which is a barrier to educational progress.
69
Did the Swann report find language is a major factor in underachievement?
No
70
How do attitudes and values cause ethnic differences in educational achievement?
Motivation is a cause of failure in black kids, because they are socialised into a fatalistic attitude
71
Why did Charles Murray say black children are likely to underachieve?
Black families are commonly headed by a lone parent, often mother. Mothers don’t discipline their students so they are likely to misbehave and join antischool subcultures.
72
Who blamed the Asian Work ethic for Asians overachievement at GCSE?
Ruth Lupton
73
Why are ethnic minorities more likely to experience material deprivation?
Ethnic minorities are 2x as likely to be unemployed and live in low income housing.
74
Why do Indian students overachieve?
More likely to be middle class and go to private school.
75
What are the internal factors affecting educational achievement ?
Labelling, intituational racism, pupil identities
76
