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Sociology -Paper 1- > Education > Flashcards

Education Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the scale we rate schools for comparison

A

PISA ranking

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2
Q

Who did we take free schools from

A

Sweden

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3
Q

Who pays more overseas students of local

A

Overseas students

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4
Q

What was the state of education before the industrial revolution?

A

Education was only available to a minority of the population

There were no state schools before this period.

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5
Q

What significant change occurred in 1880 regarding education?

A

Schooling became compulsory for children aged 5-13

This change was driven by the needs of industrialization.

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6
Q

How did social class background influence the type of education received?

A

Middle class pupils received an academic education, whereas working class pupils received basic numeracy and literacy skills

Education did little to change a child’s ascribed status.

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7
Q

What concept influenced education from 1944 onwards?

A

Meritocracy

Individuals should achieve status through their own efforts and abilities.

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8
Q

What was the purpose of the 11+ exam introduced in 1944?

A

To assess children and allocate them to one of three types of schools

This was part of the Tripartite System.

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9
Q

What type of education did grammar schools provide?

A

An academic curriculum allowing access to non-manual jobs and higher education

These schools mainly served middle class pupils.

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10
Q

What type of education did secondary modern schools provide?

A

A non-academic, practical curriculum allowing access to manual work

These schools mainly served working class pupils.

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11
Q

What was the status of technical schools in the Tripartite System?

A

Only existed in a few areas, very few ever built

In reality, the system was more bipartite than tripartite.

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12
Q

What class were mainly the pupils in higher education?

A

Middle class

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13
Q

What class were mainly the pupils engaged in manual work?

A

Working class

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14
Q

What type of educational system is described as bipartite?

A

A system with two social classes sent to different schools

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15
Q

What type of inequality did the educational system reproduce?

A

Class and gender inequality

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16
Q

To gain entry to a grammar school, what did girls need to achieve compared to boys?

A

A higher mark on the 11+

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17
Q

What ideology legitimised inequality in the educational system?

A

Ability is inborn

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18
Q

What year was the Comprehensive System introduced?

A

1965

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19
Q

What was the primary aim of the Comprehensive System?

A

To overcome the class divide by abolishing the 11+

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20
Q

What type of schools replaced grammar schools under the Comprehensive System?

A

Comprehensive schools

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21
Q

What was a key characteristic of comprehensive schools?

A

All pupils in one area would attend

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22
Q

What did local authorities decide regarding the Comprehensive System?

A

Whether to ‘go comprehensive’

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23
Q

What divide still exists in many areas despite the Comprehensive System?

A

Grammar-secondary modern divide

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24
Q

According to the Functionalist view, what do comprehensives promote?

A

Social integration between the classes

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25
According to the Marxist view, what do comprehensives reproduce?
Class inequality through streaming and labelling
26
What did Ford (1969) find regarding integration in comprehensives?
There was little integration because of streaming
27
What does the Comprehensive System offer according to critics?
A 'myth of meritocracy'
28
What does the 'myth of meritocracy' legitimize?
Class inequality by making the system appear fair
29
What change did the Comprehensive System bring regarding selection?
No longer selects most able pupils at age of 11
30
What is selection by ability?
Selection based on academic ability, determined by an intelligence test at age 11. ## Footnote This method is now forbidden at all state-funded schools except grammars, but private schools often still use it.
31
What is selection by aptitude?
Selection based on potential in certain subjects, allowing specialist schools to take 10% of pupils based on aptitude. ## Footnote Many specialist schools do not choose to implement this selection method.
32
What does selection by faith entail?
Selecting a proportion of students based on religion or the religion of their parents.
33
What is covert selection?
A method identified by Tough and Brooks (2007) that involves social selection, where schools cherry-pick students they believe will achieve high results. ## Footnote This may involve discouraging parents from poorer economic backgrounds from applying.
34
What is one issue with selection by ability?
Late developers may not be able to move schools.
35
What are social cohesion and social integration?
Key concepts affected by the selection process in schooling.
36
What is labelling in the context of education?
A process that can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies (SFP) among students.
37
What is a potential disadvantage of grammar schools?
The gains for some students are offset by the number of students disadvantaged in secondary modern schools.
38
Fill in the blank: Selection by ability is now forbidden at all state-funded schools except _______.
grammars
39
True or False: Selection by aptitude allows specialist schools to select any number of pupils based on their potential in specific subjects.
False
40
What is the impact of covert selection on students from poorer backgrounds?
They may be discouraged from applying to certain schools.
41
What was the aim of the New Vocationalism introduced by the Conservative Government from 1979-1997?
To deal with youth unemployment and improve education's preparation for work ## Footnote The New Vocationalism included apprenticeships and training schemes focusing on students gaining NVQs.
42
Which groups favored the New Vocationalism and why?
Functionalists and New Right, as it aligns with their views on the role of education ## Footnote Their perspectives are further discussed in Topic 6.
43
What are some problems associated with the New Vocationalism?
* Cheap labour for employers * A method to reduce politically embarrassing unemployment stats * Over-representation of lower ability students, working class, and ethnic minorities * Stereotypical gender patterns ## Footnote These issues reflect criticisms of the system's impact on specific demographics.
44
What did Cohen (1984) argue about vocational education?
It aimed to instill good attitudes and work discipline, leading people to accept low-paid, low-skilled jobs ## Footnote This critique highlights the potential negative social implications of vocational education.
45
How has the perception of apprenticeships changed in recent years?
Apprenticeships have been given a higher status by employers and offer more opportunities for higher qualifications ## Footnote Examples include Degree apprenticeships, which have emerged as a valuable educational pathway.
46
What is marketisation?
Marketisation refers to the process of introducing market forces of consumer choice and competition between suppliers into areas run by the state, such as education. ## Footnote Marketisation has become a central theme of social policy since the 1988 Education Reform Act.
47
Which political party introduced the 1988 Education Reform Act?
The Conservative Party, under Margaret Thatcher. ## Footnote This act marked a significant shift in the approach to education policy in the UK.
48
What are the main effects of marketisation on education?
* Reducing state control over education * Increasing competition between schools * Increasing parental choice * Aimed to raise standards
49
Which governments followed similar marketisation policies after the 1988 Education Reform Act?
The Labour government from 1997 and the coalition government from 2010. ## Footnote These governments continued to promote market-oriented reforms in education.
50
What initiatives were pushed by the coalition government from 2010?
* Academies * Free schools
51
Who favors marketisation in education?
Neo-Liberal and the New Right. ## Footnote They believe that competition will lead to better outcomes for schools and students.
52
What is the expected outcome for schools in a marketised education system?
Schools must attract customers (parents) by competing with one another. ## Footnote Schools that succeed in meeting parental demands, such as exam success, will thrive, while those that do not may fail.
53
What are policies promoting marketisation in education?
* Publication of league tables and Ofsted reports * Business sponsorship of schools * Open enrolment * Funding formula * Schools opting out of local authority control * Introduction of tuition fees for university * Setting up of free schools * Specialist schools * National curriculum * Target setting in schools * Choice for schools to opt out of local authority control ## Footnote These policies aim to enhance competition and choice within the education system.
54
What is meant by 'parentocracy' in the context of marketised education?
'Rule by parents' as described by David (1993) ## Footnote This term indicates a shift in power from educators to parents, emphasizing parental choice in education.
55
Who benefits from the shift in power in a marketised education system?
Consumers (parents) benefit from the shift in power from producers (teachers and schools) ## Footnote This perspective suggests that parental choice leads to better educational outcomes.
56
What are some claimed benefits of marketisation in education?
* Encourages diversity * Gives parents more choice * Raises standards ## Footnote Supporters argue these benefits result from increased competition among schools.
57
Fill in the blank: The introduction of _______ allows parents and others to set up free schools.
tuition fees
58
True or False: The national curriculum ensures all students receive a low-quality education.
False ## Footnote The national curriculum is designed to ensure high-quality education for all students.
59
What does open enrolment allow successful schools to do?
Recruit more pupils ## Footnote This policy aims to increase competition among schools.
60
What is a funding formula in the context of education?
Schools receive the same amount of funding for each pupil ## Footnote This formula aims to provide equitable funding across schools.
61
What does opting out of local authority control provide to schools?
More independence ## Footnote This allows schools greater flexibility in operations and governance.
62
What type of schools allow parents more choice in specific areas such as IT or language?
Specialist schools ## Footnote These schools focus on specific curriculum areas to cater to diverse student interests.
63
What is the role of target setting in schools?
To establish performance expectations ## Footnote This practice aims to improve educational outcomes by setting clear goals.
64
Who came up with cream skimming and silt shifting
Bartlett

Sociology -Paper 1- (2 decks)

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