Education Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
What is material deprivation?
A
The lack of resources or ability to purchase goods
2
Q
What percentage of schools are located in deprived areas?
A
Nearly 90%
3
Q
Not being able to afford things such as school uniform, skl trips and resources leads to what?
A
Children falling behind
4
Q
What did Hirsch say about cultural deprivation?
A
People from better off backgrounds have more advantages so they’re more likely to benefit from a private education
5
Q
What are evaluations of material deprivation?
A
- It is a deterministic theory as students from poor backgrounds can also achieve well
- Cultural factors are more important as poor chinese children do almost as well as rich chinese children
6
Q
What are the statistics of children who are culturally deprived?
A
By the age of 3, children from disadvantaged backgrounds are 1 year behind in their education
7
Q
What happens in WC families due to cultural deprivation?
A
They fail to socialise their children properly
8
Q
What can cultural deprivation be due to?
A
- Language
- Parents’ education
- Working class subcultures
9
Q
Examples of language leading to cultural deprivation:
Give an example of a sociologist and what they say about it:
A
- Speech codes are seen as the correct way to speak but there are elaborated and restricted
- Elaborated speech codes are used by teachers and textbooks
- Language used in lower-class homes is deficient so children can’t develop their skills
- Feinstein says that educated parents are more likely to use challenging language
10
Q
Examples of parents’ education leading to cultural deprivation:
A
- Their attitudes affect achievement
- Less ambitious parents give less encouragement to their children
- Educated parents have higher expectations, discipline + income
11
Q
Examples of working class subcultures leading to cultural deprivation:
Give an example of a sociologist and what they say about it:
A
- Lack of parental interest is reflective on subcultural values of the WC
- Sugarman said there were 4 features to society
12
Q
What were Sugarman’s 4 features to society?
Explain them:
A
- Time orientation –> WC live in the moment, MC think ahead
- Attitude to gratification –> WC want to enjoy themselves, MC put off pleasure for the future
- Belief in success through actions –> WC believe in success through collective actions, MC believe in success through individual actions
- Attitudes to luck –> WC believe in fate, MC believe in ability and hard work
13
Q
Examples of sociologists stating that cultural deprivation is a myth:
A
- Keddie said that WC children are culturally different not deprived
- Troyna and Williams say that teachers have a speech hierarchy
- Blackstone and Mortimore say that WC parents attend less parent’s evenings due to longer working hours
14
Q
What do Marxists say about cultural deprivation?
A
They say WC parents are victims of an unequal society where schools are run by the MC for the MC
Parents shouldn’t be blamed for their child’s underachievement
15
Q
What tries to tackle cultural deprivation and how?
Give an example:
A
- Compensatory education
- By providing funds and resources
- Operation Head Start
16
Q
What is Operation Head Start and example of?
A
Compensatory education
17
Q
Who is cultural capital an advantage to?
A
Those who possess it
18
Q
What are the 4 types of capital?
A
- Cultural
- Economic
- Social
- Symbolic
19
Q
What is cultural capital?
A
When parents have an education to help their children
20
Q
What is economic capital?
A
Having things like money, a house, food and tuition
21
Q
What is social capital?
A
The possession of valuable contacts
22
Q
What is symbolic capital?
A
The possession of awards, trophies and a reputation
23
Q
What can economic capital be converted to?
A
Educational capital
24
Q
Why are children with economic capital better off?
A
They are better equipped to meet the demands of the school curriculum
25
What is a strength of Cultural capital?
- It doesn't assume WC culture is inferior
26
What is a weakness of cultural capital?
- It fails to acknowledge that material factors also shape different cultures
27
What are 4 internal factors of education?
- Labelling
- Self-fulfilling prophecy (SFP)
- Streaming
- Pupil subcultures
28
Explain labelling:
give an example:
- Attaching a meaning to someone
- 'bright', 'troublemaker'....
29
What sociologist studied labelling, and what did they find?
Keddie
- Found that teachers don't distribute knowledge evenly and give higher status knowledge to MC pupil
- Becker said MC pupils are the 'ideal' pupil
30
Explain the SFP:
Give a study to support this:
- It is a result of a label
- Rosenthal and Jacobson's 'spurters' study.
- 20% were randomly selected to be 'spurters'.
31
Explain streaming:
What does it lead to?
- Those deemed to lack ability are put into lower streams and get less attention and resources
- The Education Triage
32
What is an evaluation of internal factors?
They ignore cultural and material deprivation theories
33
How does labelling and the SFP work?
- The pupil accepts the label they've been given and they internalise it
- By reacting against a label and conforming to negative assumptions through poor behaviour
34
What has labelling and SFP led to?
- An educational reform
- The damage of less able pupils' prospects
35
What are 3 external factors of education?
- Material deprivation
- Cultural factors, ethnicity and achievement
- Racism in wider society
36
Why don't children from Low Income families do as well?
Due to material deprivation
37
What does the Swann Report say?
Social class differences are a high proportion of differences in achievement between ethnic groups
38
Explain cultural factors, ethnicity and achievement:
- minority ethnic groups may be deprived of disadvantaged educationally
- Parents of chinese pupils place an exceptionally high value on education
- Black boys are more likely to be excluded from school
39
Explain racism in wider society:
What did Rex say?
- minorities are more likely to be forced into substandard living
- Racism leads to social exclusion
40
Explain teacher pupil relationships:
- Teachers prefer to teach those who are well behaved and polite
- They reward them with praise and placement in higher sets
41
What did Gillborn and Youdell say about teacher-pupil relationships?
- Teachers use blinkered judgements to allocate WC pupils to lower sets and foundation-tier exams which can reduce motivation
42
What can lead to teacher-pupil interactions becoming more confrontational?
- Ethnic minority groups being angry at being singles out for punishment when white pupils are often just as guilty
43
What does the allocation of teaching groups lead to?
Pupils' success due to what they're taught
44
What are the main methods of grouping in school learning?
- mixed ability
- streaming
- setting
45
Explain mixed ability grouping:
- Pupils' abilities are taught together
- Weaker pupils can engage
46
Explain streaming grouping:
- Pupils are grouped by ability
- The top stream is the most academic
- It ensures that people aren't held back by others and they get extra support that they need
47
Explain setting grouping:
- Pupils are placed in ability groups for specific subjects
- They may be top set for some subjects and bottom set for others
48
What is a negative of grouping?
Students are aware of their ability group which can have an impact on motivation and self-esteem
49
What does top set reading give children in primary school?
Status and superiority
50
What is identity?
How pupils are seen by themselves and others
51
Why is the word 'ned' used in Glasgow? What does it mean?
It is used to mean non-educated delinquent
- Some people choose to be called this to earn respect and be cool
52
What are boys' external factors of gender and educational achievement?
- Boys and literacy
- Decline of traditional men's jobs
53
What are boys' internal factors of gender and educational achievement?
- Feminisation of education
- Shortage of male primary school teachers
- Laddish subcultures
54
Explain the boys external factor of boys and literacy:
- The gender gap is due to boys' poorer literacy and language skills
- Parents spend less time reading to their sons
- Boy's leisure pursuits don't help them develop language and communication skills unlike girl's bedroom culture
55
Explain the boys external factor of the decline of traditional men's jobs:
- Boys have given up trying to get qualifications
- There has been an increase in the participation of the female labour force
- The decline in heavy industries had led to boys having an 'identity crisis'.
56
Explain the boys internal factor of the feminisation of education:
Give a sociologist and their views:
- Schools don't nurture masculine traits like competition and leadership
- They celebrate qualities closely associated with girls
- Sewell says boys fall behind at school due to the feminisation of education
57
Who said boys fall behind at school due to the feminisation of education
Sewell
58
Explain the boys internal factor of the shortage of male primary school teachers:
- The presence of a male teacher is shown to make boys work harder, but most 8-11 year olds don't have a male teacher
- The gender of teachers doesn't matter to 2/3 of 7-8 year olds
- 1/4 male teachers gain headship, 1/3 female teachers do
59
Explain the boys internal factor of Laddish subcultures:
- WC boys are more likely to be called sissies
- Boys are more concerned than girls about being labelled by their peers as its a threat to masculinity
60
The focus on underachieving boys has led to what?
The neglect of girls
- They disengage quietly
61
The class gap at GCSE is how many times greater than the gender gap?
3X
62
What splits girls and boys in school, relating to subjects?
There is a traditional pattern of difference between boys and girls' subjects
63
What subjects are more for boys traditionally?
- science
- maths
- computing
- P.E
64
What subjects are more for girls traditionally?
- drama
- dance
- music
- english
65
What shapes children's identity?
Early socialisation
66
How does early socialisation at home shape children's identity?
- Boys and girls are dressed differently from a young age
- They are given different toys to play with
- Boys are played with in an aggressive way whereas girls are treated like 'princesses'.
67
How does early socialisation at shcool shape children's identity?
- Boys are encouraged to be tough by their teachers when girls are expected to be quiet and helpful
- Boys and girls develop different tastes in reading
68
What are the external factors of girls in gender and educational achievement?
- Impact of feminism
- Changes in the family
- Changes in women's employment
- Section and league tables
- Challenging curriculum stereotypes
69
What are the internal factors of girls in gender and educational achievement?
- Equal pay policies
- Positive role models in school
- GCSE and coursework
- Teacher attention
70
Explain the girls external factor of the impact of feminism:
- It has raised women's expectations
- It has challenged the traditional stereotype of the woman's role being the housewife
- The media now contains images of independent women, not married
71
Explain the girls external factor of changes in the family:
- There has been an increase in the number of divorces, cohabiting couples and lone-parent families
- decrease in the number of 1st marriages
- The financial independent woman is the new role model for girls where the mother is the breadwinner
72
Explain the girls external factor of changes in women's employment:
- The 1970s Equal Pay Act makes it illegal to pay women less
- The proportion of women in employment has risen to 67%
- Girls are encouraged to see their future in paid employment
73
Explain the girls external factor of section and league tables:
- marketisation has created a more competitive atmosphere where schools now see girls as desirable recruits due to better exam results
- Marriage and children weren't a major part of 14-17 year olds plans
- Educational success is a major part of girls' identities
74
Explain the girls external factor of challenging curriculum stereotypes:
The removal of gender stereotypes from textbooks has removed a barrier to girl's achievement
75
What are 3 negative evaluations of girls' external factors?
- Education limits girls choices and career options
- Male teachers are more likely to become head
- Some WC girls have gender stereotyped aspirations for marriage and children and expect to go into low paid work
76
Explain the girls internal factor of equal opportunity policies:
- Schools are now more sensitive to stereotyping
- Boys and girls being entitled to the same opportunities is mainstream
77
Explain the girls internal factor of positive role models in school:
There has been an increase in female teachers
78
Explain the girls internal factor of GCSE and coursework:
What did Mitsos and Browne find?
- They're seen to favour girls and disadvantage boys
- Girls spend more time on work and are better at meeting deadlines which help them benefit from coursework
79
Explain the girls internal factor of teacher attention:
- Teachers interact with boys and girls differently
- Boys get more attention
- Girls are seen as cooperative but boys are seen as disruptive
80
What are pro-school subcultures?
- Groups of students who actively embrace the school's values and ethos
- They often prioritise academic achievement and compliant behavior
81
What are anti-school subcultures?
Groups that actively oppose the school's values, norms, and expectations
82
What did Hargreaves say about anti-school subcultures?
He said that they are found in the bottom streams of secondary schools and are caused by the labelling of pupils
83
What do hargreaves and Willis refer to pro and anti-school subcultures as?
Homogeneous, coherent groups that share their own sets of values
84
Who said that anti-school subcultures are found in the bottom streams of secondary schools and are caused by the labelling of pupils
Hargreaves
85
Who showed that streaming can lead to the creation of anti-school subcultures?
Lacey
86
87
88
89
90
What is the hidden curriculum?
Messages and ideas that aren't directly taught but children learn as a part of the normal procedures of an organisation e.g school
91
What are some examples of what the hidden curriculum teaches?
- Punctuality
- Respect for authority
- Manners
- Uniform
- Sets defined by ability
- Organisation of classrooms with students looking up to teacher
92
Does everyone accept the hidden curriculum?
No
- Some accept and others reject
- Those who reject, gain pleasure from disrupting the school
93
What do Functionalists think of the hidden curriculum?
They value it
- Believe it helps introduce cooperation, competition and meritocracy
94
What do Marxists and Feminists think of the hidden curriculum?
They criticise it
- Believe it justifies the ruling-class, male, white dominance and helps maintain and reproduce dominance
95
What do Anti-racists think of the hidden curriculum?
They criticise it
- Believe that it keeps racism significant in societies
96
What does Giroux argue about schools?
Says they are sites of ideological struggle where different political and moral views co-exist and are in competition
97
Examples of pupil subcultures:
Some groups in schools accept rules while other groups don't
98
How many ways of adapting to a school did Woods make?
How does he believe we can adapt to schools?
8
- Through subcultures, members gain status, support and a sense of belonging
99
What were Woods' 8 ways of adapting to a school?
- Ingratiation
- Compliance
- Opportunism
- Ritualism
- Retreatism
- Colonisation
- Intransigence
- Rebellion
100
What were Durkheim's 2 functions of education?
- Social solidarity
- Specialist skills
101
What is the idea of social solidarity?
School acts as a 'miniature society', preparing us for life in wider society
102
What is the idea of specialist skills?
Education teaches specialist knowledge and skills that are needed to play a part
103
What does Parsons say about the education system?
That its meritocratic which bridges a gap between family and work
104
What do Davis and Moore believe about role allocation?
They believe education is a device for it
- Inequality is necessary to ensure the most important roles in society are filled by the most talented people
105
What is an evaluation of Parsons?
Include a sociologist:
Meritocracy is a myth and is used to subdue the WC + create false consciousness
- Althusser says education is an ISA that passes on ideologies of the capitalist ruling class to control the WC
106
What is the Marxist theory?
They are critical of capitalism and the inequality it produces
- Believe society is an unfair system and is built on the exploitation of those who lack power
107
Who made the idea of ISA and RSA?
Althusser
108
What does Althusser's ISA stand for?
Ideological State Apparatus
109
What does Althusser's RSA stand for?
Repressive State Apparatus
110
What does Althusser's ISA suggest?
Control over people's beliefs, ideas and values
Believes that education has replaced religion as the most important ISA
111
What does Althusser's RSA suggest?
Physical control through institutions like the police and military
112
What do Bowles and Gintis say about capitalism and the education system?
- They say it needs a workforce that will accept exploitation and the education system works to produce this
- The education system limits student development
113
Who came up with the Correspondence Principle?
Bowles and Gintis
114
What is the correspondence principle?
A relationship/mirroring between two different aspects or systems
- It suggests a connection between the structure of education and the needs of the capitalist economy
115
What do Bowles and Gintis say about the Correspondence Principle?
- The link between work and school is that they both have hierarchies
- Relationships and structures of school mirror those in work
- Competition and hierarchy is operated through the hidden curriculum
- School prepares WC pupils for work
116
What do Bowles and Gintis say about meritocracy?
-They agree with Althusser that it is a myth
117
What do Bowles and Gintis say about the hidden curriculum?
They believe its bad for capitalism if the poor rebel due to the inequalities
118
What are some weaknesses/evaluations of Bowles and Gintis' ideas?
- They ignore factors like gender and ethnicity
- Not every student will accept the rules of the hidden curriculum
