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Sociology AQA A-Level Education Revision > Education > Flashcards

Education Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the overall mark allocation for AQA A level sociology paper one?

A

80 marks overall

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2
Q

How many questions are in the education section of the AQA A level sociology paper?

A

Four questions

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3
Q

Who is associated with the concept of social solidarity in education?

A

Durkheim

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4
Q

What does social solidarity refer to?

A

The idea that all members of society feel together as part of something bigger

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5
Q

What role do assemblies play in promoting social solidarity in schools?

A

They provide a shared space for students to learn and celebrate together

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6
Q

What do Marxists argue about assemblies in schools?

A

They argue that assemblies provide false consciousness and indoctrinate students

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7
Q

What is Parsons’ bridge theory in the context of education?

A

School is a bridge between the family and wider society

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8
Q

What are particularistic and universalistic standards according to Parsons?

A

Particularistic standards are taught at home; universalistic standards are taught at school

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9
Q

What is meritocracy?

A

A system where social advancement is based on individual talent, effort, and achievement

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10
Q

What do critics argue about meritocracy?

A

They argue it is a myth and that not all students have equal chances of success

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11
Q

What is role allocation in education according to Davis and Moore?

A

Education shows who the best people for the best jobs are by sorting high achievers

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12
Q

What do Marxists and feminists argue about role allocation?

A

They argue that not everyone has the same opportunity to succeed

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13
Q

What criticism is made about the functionalist perspective on education?

A

It overlooks issues like racism, sexism, and middle-class bias

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14
Q

What is an ideological state apparatus as discussed by Althusser?

A

A part of society that keeps the bourgeoisie in power by reproducing inequalities

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15
Q

What is the ethnocentric curriculum?

A

A curriculum that may not reflect diverse backgrounds

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16
Q

What is the hidden curriculum?

A

Lessons that are taught but not specifically referred to in the curriculum

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17
Q

What do Marxists believe about specialized skills in education?

A

Skills are predetermined by social class and labels, limiting upward mobility

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18
Q

What concept does the ‘glass ceiling’ refer to?

A

The idea that women can see high-status jobs but cannot reach them

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19
Q

What is the correspondence principle in education according to Bowles and Gintis?

A

The way we learn in school mirrors expected behavior in the workplace

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20
Q

What does Paul Willis’ study focus on?

A

The behaviors of working-class boys in an anti-school subculture

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21
Q

What is indoctrination in the context of education?

A

The process of teaching students to be passive and obedient workers

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22
Q

What does Chomsky argue about school?

A

School is a filtering system where the most compliant students reach the top

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23
Q

What is a strength of the Marxist approach in education?

A

It exposes the myth of meritocracy and the exploitation of the working class

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24
Q

What is a weakness of the Marxist approach?

A

Marxists do not agree on how class inequality is achieved

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25
What does the term 'false consciousness' refer to?
The belief that individuals are responsible for their own failures, diverting attention from systemic issues
26
Fill in the blank: According to Parsons, education helps students achieve _______.
status
27
True or False: Marxists believe that education provides equal opportunities for all students.
False
28
What is the top down structural approach in education?
It suggests that students are passive and obedient, leading to indoctrination of ideas ## Footnote This approach contrasts with Paul’s argument that students are active and can rebel.
29
What was introduced by the 1944 Education Act?
Compulsory state education up to age 14 and a tripartite system of schools ## Footnote The three types of schools were grammar, secondary modern, and technical skills.
30
What was the purpose of the 11 plus exam?
To measure a child's innate abilities for school placement ## Footnote Students who passed attended grammar schools, accounting for about 20% of students.
31
What were the aims of the 1944 Education Act?
To tackle ignorance and abolish inequality in state education ## Footnote This was part of the postwar welfare state initiative.
32
What was a criticism of the tripartite system?
Secondary modern and technical students were labeled failures ## Footnote This led to a wastage of working-class talent.
33
What did feminists criticize about the 11 plus exam?
Girls required a higher pass rate than boys to attend grammar schools ## Footnote This created an unequal and non-meritocratic system.
34
What did the 1965 Comprehensive Education Act aim to achieve?
To educate all children in the same secondary school, regardless of class, ethnicity, gender, or ability ## Footnote It aimed to eliminate the divisive tripartite system.
35
What was a strength of the comprehensive education system?
Recognized that children develop at different rates ## Footnote Allowed for late bloomers to progress without early labeling.
36
What was a criticism of the comprehensive education system?
Private schools and grammar schools still exist, perpetuating division ## Footnote About 7% of UK children attend private schools.
37
What was the aim of New Right education policies?
To increase competition between schools through marketization ## Footnote Policies included testing, national curriculum, and league tables.
38
What is marketization in education?
Introducing market forces and competition into state-run education ## Footnote Aimed at improving school standards and parental choice.
39
What is the purpose of pupil premium funding?
To improve attainment for disadvantaged groups ## Footnote Funding ranges from £900 to £2,400 per eligible student.
40
What was the Educational Maintenance Allowance?
Financial support for sixth form students to encourage attendance and achievement ## Footnote Aimed at increasing participation, especially for working-class students.
41
What are the GCSE and A-level reforms since 2016?
Removal of coursework to make assessments more exam-based ## Footnote This change aimed to address concerns over fairness in grading.
42
What is globalization in the context of education?
The increasing interconnectedness of societies affecting education policy ## Footnote Facilitated by advances in communication technology and international migration.
43
How has globalization impacted British education policy?
Aimed to prepare students to compete internationally ## Footnote British students are encouraged to meet skills demands in a global economy.
44
What is the impact of globalization on student commodification?
Universities compete to attract overseas students who pay higher fees ## Footnote This has led to the establishment of overseas campuses.
45
What is a multicultural curriculum?
Curriculum that includes teaching about various faiths and cultures ## Footnote A response to earlier ethnocentric curricula.
46
What percentage of UK students are considering studying abroad due to cost?
50% ## Footnote 14% of them actually do study abroad.
47
What is the dominant ethnic composition of the UK population?
81% white ## Footnote 11% being Christian.
48
What is the concept of a 'multicultural curriculum' in education?
Teaching about other faiths and cultures beyond the dominant culture.
49
What groups are particularly focused on in the context of educational equality?
* Special educational needs students * Free school meal students * English as additional language students
50
What are the British values mentioned in the text?
* Liberty * Democracy * Rule of law * Mutual respect * Tolerance
51
What does the term 'hidden curriculum' refer to?
Lessons taught implicitly in schools, not explicitly stated.
52
What is the Marxist concept related to the hidden curriculum?
The correspondence principle.
53
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy in an educational context?
When labeling someone causes them to live up to that label.
54
What was the significant finding in Rosenhan and Jacobson's study?
Students labeled as 'intellectual spurts' made higher than average progress.
55
What is the difference between setting and streaming in schools?
Setting is based on ability in different subjects; streaming is the same ability across all subjects.
56
What is educational triage according to Gilborn and Noodle?
The process of categorizing students into three groups based on perceived potential.
57
What does the term 'ideal pupil' refer to?
The profile of a model student held by teachers.
58
What did Gilborn and Udel find about working-class students in their study?
They were more likely to be seen as disruptive and ill-prepared.
59
What is material deprivation?
The inability to afford basic resources impacting educational achievement.
60
What percentage of children on free school meals gained five or more A*-C grades?
33% ## Footnote Compared to 61% of students not on free school meals.
61
What is cultural deprivation?
The concept that working-class families fail to adequately socialize their children.
62
What are Bernstein's two types of speech patterns?
* Restricted code (working class) * Elaborate code (middle/upper class)
63
What is one criticism of cultural deprivation theory?
It can be seen as victim blaming.
64
What is 'silk shifting' in the context of education?
Schools may offload working-class students to maintain league table positions.
65
What does Sugarman identify as key aspects of working-class culture?
* Fatalism * Collectivism * Immediate gratification * Present time orientation
66
What impact does housing quality have on educational achievement?
It can impair child development and lead to educational disruption.
67
What is the 'hidden cost of free education'?
The lack of financial support leading to missed educational experiences.
68
What is the primary issue with middle-class education environments?
They systematically discriminate against the working class.
69
How do schools fail in relation to working-class students?
They fail to challenge middle-class bias in language and negative labeling.
70
What is cultural capital?
Knowledge of values, attitudes, tastes, abilities, and language of the dominant culture.
71
Which class is typically associated with more cultural capital?
Middle class.
72
What percentage of children in the UK are educated in private schools?
7%.
73
Why do females outperform males in education?
Schools are feminized, and coursework favors girls.
74
What is the impact of male role models on boys' academic performance?
Lack of male role models can lead to underperformance.
75
What is the 'poor boys discourse'?
A belief that the school environment is responsible for boys' academic failure.
76
What is the feminization of the school environment?
The predominance of female teachers, which may alienate boys.
77
What does the term 'anti-school cultures' refer to?
Subcultures that reject the values and norms of the school.
78
What does research suggest about subject choice in single-sex schools?
The subject choice gap is narrowed.
79
Fill in the blank: Ethnic minorities can be held back by a lack of ______ skills.
reasoning.
80
What is the vicious cycle of cultural deprivation?
Inadequate primary socialization leads to failure in school, which leads to devaluing education.
81
What effect does single-parenthood have on educational outcomes in Afro-Caribbean families?
It can lead to financial struggles and lack of role models.
82
Who argues that black underachievement is due to racism in education?
Lawrence.
83
What does ethnocentric mean in the context of education?
Schools operate in a way that supports the majority ethnic perspective.
84
What percentage of GCSE modules reference black history?
11%.
85
What is the effect of material deprivation on educational outcomes?
It is linked to lower academic performance among ethnic minorities.
86
What is institutional racism?
Racism embedded in the policies and practices of institutions, including education.
87
What is the impact of discrimination in employment on ethnic minorities?
Leads to low-paid work or unemployment.
88
Fill in the blank: Black pupils are often victims of ______ in education.
institutional racism.
89
What is the relationship between class, gender, and ethnicity in educational outcomes?
They intersect in complex ways affecting students differently.
90
What is the significance of the achievement of female Chinese students on free school meals?
They outperform many middle-class white students.

Sociology AQA A-Level Education Revision (1 decks)

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