Education

Question 1

Durkheim view of education

Answer 1

FUNCTIONALIST

Social solidarity

Avoids anomie

Teaches specific skills needed for a functioning economy

Question 2

Parsons view of education

Answer 2

FUNCTIONALIST

School is a bridge between home and society

Helps pupils move from ascribed to achieved status - in schools each pupil is judged against the same standards- same as society

Question 3

Davis and Moore view of education

Answer 3

FUNCTIONALIST

Inequality is necessary to make sure the most important roles are failed by the most talented people- a meritocracy

Question 4

Althusser view of education

Answer 4

Marxist

Repressive state apparatus - maintain the role of the bourgeoisie by force - police courts army

Ideological state apparatus - maintain the role of the bourgeoisie by controlling peoples ideas, values and beliefs - the education system

Question 5

‘Giant myth making machine’

Answer 5

Myth of meritocracy - meritocracy does not exist

Bowles and gintis - Marxist

Question 6

Correspondence principle

Answer 6

Bowles and gintis Marxists

Both schools and workplaces are hierarchies the relationships and structures found in education correspond to those found in a workplace

Question 7

Hidden curriculum

Answer 7

Bowles and gintis
Marxist

Teach students how to survive in work through
Acceptance of hierarchies
Moulding of subservient workers
Fragmentation of school subjects
Working for external rewards

Question 8

Learning to labour counter school subculture

Answer 8

Willis Marxist

Researched a group of 12 lads who had formed a counter school subculture

Shows how counter school subcultures prepare working class lads for shop floor culture

Lads actively rebelled against the school but were in fact preparing themselves for low paid manual labour like their fathers

Question 9

Young - cultural deprivation

Answer 9

Middle class mothers are more likely to choose toys that encourage thinking and reasoning skills and prepare children for school

Question 10

Restricted and elaborated speech codes

Answer 10

Bernstein

Restricted - wc- limited vocabulary, based on the use of short and often unfinished grammatically simple sentences etc

Elaborated - mc - wide vocabulary ands it’s based on grammatically more complex sentences

Question 11

Self imposed barrier

Answer 11

Hyman - the values and beliefs of the lower class subculture are a self imposed barrier to educational and career success. Their subcultures beliefs mean that they neither want educational success or no how to get it

Question 12

Four key features of the lower class subculture that act as a barrier to educational attainment

Answer 12

Sugerman

Fatalism - belief in fate
Collectivism - valuing being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual
Immediate gratification
Present time orientation

Question 13

Cultural capital

Answer 13

Bordeaux

Knowledge, attitudes, values, language, tastes and abilities

Mc culture is a type of capital because it gives an advantage to those who possess it. Through their socialisation, middle class children acquire the ability to grasp, analyse and express abstract ideas giving them an advantage in school

Question 14

Position theory

Answer 14

Boudon - where you are positioned in the social class structure will affect your life chances and opportunities

Question 15

Criticism of cultural deprivation

Answer 15

Keddie- the idea of cultural deprivation is a myth. Also a victim blaming explanation

Question 16

Criticism of restricted speech code

Answer 16

Tronya and Williams - the problem is not the child’s language but the schools attitude towards it. Teachers have a speech hierarchy

Question 17

The impact of poor diet and housing

Answer 17

Howard - children from poorer homes have lower intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals. This weakens the immune system and results in more absences and difficulty concentrating

Question 18

Hidden costs of schooling

Answer 18

Tanner - transport, uniforms, books, computers etc places a heavy burden on poor families

Question 19

Gerwitz and ball - material and cultural capital

Answer 19

Middle class parents were able to use their cultural and material capital to ensure that their children ended up in the best schools

Question 20

Sutton group 2010

Answer 20

Found parents income and job were the most important determinants of a child’s educational success

Question 21

Rist - kindergarten

Answer 21

Tigers- sit closest to teacher, fast learners, middle class, clean appearance
Cardinals and clowns - wc - given lower level books and given less chance to show their abilities

Question 22

Child centred education

Answer 22

Sharp and green - English primary school

Child centred education where kids picked activities. Those who read (middle class) were given more help and priority

Question 23

Spurters

Answer 23

Rosenthal and Jacobson

Tested all pupils the same, picked 20% at random and told school that the test had indentified these children as spurters. On returning to the school a year later, they found that 47% of those identified spurters had made significant progress

Question 24

Black girls reject the label

Answer 24

Margaret Fuller - girls channelled their anger about being labelled into the pursuit of educational success. Unlike other successful students they did not seek their approval from teachers

Question 25

Marketisation of schools

Answer 25

Gerwitz Parental choice - privileged - skilled chooser - mc parents can use their cultural mans economic capital for their children Disconnected local choosers - wc parents choices were restricted by lack of economic and cultural capital

Question 26

School policies that help girls

Answer 26

GIST, national curriculum- equal opportunities

Question 27

Positive role models in schools for girls

Answer 27

Increase in female teachers and heads, showing them women can achieve positions of importance

Question 28

Coursework in the curriculum

Answer 28

Mitsos and Browne As girls spend more time on their work, take care with the way it is presented, are better at meeting deadlines and bring their materials

Question 29

Teacher attention

Answer 29

Francis Found girls got more positive attention, and while boys got more attention it was harsher

Question 30

Marketisation did schools benefits girls

Answer 30

Slee Boys are more likely to suffer from behavioural difficulties and are 4x more likely to be excluded Boys may be seen as liability students - obstacles to the school improving its league table scores

Question 31

How feminism helps girls

Answer 31

Improvements in women’s rights raises women’s expectations and self worth Mcrobbie- magazines - 1970s - importance of getting married whereas now include images of assertive independent women

Question 32

Chubb and moe consumer choice

Answer 32

New right Marketisation and competition - force schools to become more responsive and better as they need to compete against other schools Parental choice - education in the hands of consumers allows parents to shape schools to meet their own needs improving quality and efficiency

Question 33

Labelling - Becker

Answer 33

Study of 60 Chicago high school teachers Interviews Found they judged pupils according to how closely they fitted the idea of the ideal pupil Mc - closest to ideal Work, conduct and appearance were key factors

Question 34

Dunne and gazeley

Answer 34

Labelling Interviews in English state secondary schools - teachers normalised the underachievement of wc pupils and seemed unconcerned by it and they could do little about it unlike with mc pupils Labelled wc parents as uninterested in child’s education but labelled mc parents as supportive. Change how they support them - mc underachievers got extension work, wc underachievers were placed into lower exams

Question 35

Gilbourn and youdell A to c economy

Answer 35

Publishing of league tables means schools focus their time, effort and resources on those pupils they see as having the potential to get five grade Cs and so boost the schools league table position

Question 36

Gill bourn and youdell Educational triage

Answer 36

A to c economy produces a triage Schools categorise pupils into Those who will pass anyway Those on the borderline of a c Hopeless cases Those places in hopeless cases get put in bottom sets and then get self fulfilling prophecy

Question 37

Douglas - streaming

Answer 37

Children placed in a lower streak at age 8 had suffered from a decline in their IQ by age 11 and vice versa

Question 38

1944 education act

Answer 38

Tripartite system 11+ exam Grammar schools and secondary modern schools

Question 39

Problems with the tripartite system

Answer 39

Reproduced class inequality by channelling the two social classes into two different types of school that offered unequal opportunities Gender inequality- required girls to gain higher marks than boys in the 11+ Legitimated inequality through the idea that ability is inborn

Question 40

Labour Party 1965-1979

Answer 40

Comprehensive school system Abolished 11+ and grammar and secondary modern schools and replaced with comprehensive schools. Was left to local education authority to decide whether to go comprehensive so grammar - secondary modern divide still existed in some places

Question 41

Functionalist view of comprehensive schools

Answer 41

Promote social integration - x-mc and wc pupils rarely mixed because of streaming More meritocratic - gives pupils a longer time to show their abilities

Question 42

Marxist view of the education system

Answer 42

Comprehensives are not meritocratic - the reproduce class inequality through streaming and labelling Myth of meritocracy - legitimated class inequality by making unequal achievement seem fair and just because failure looks like it is the fault of the individual rather than the system

Question 43

Education reform act 1988

Answer 43

Margaret thatcher League tables Sats Gcses Ofsted The funding formula - schools are allocated funds by a formula based on how many pupils they attract. Free schools Open enrolment - allows successful schools to recruit more pupils

Question 44

Marketisation

Answer 44

Consequence of education reform act 1988 The process of introducing market forces of consumer choice and competition between suppliers into areas run by the state such as education. Reduces state control over education Increases competition between schools and parental choice of school

Question 45

Miriam David - parentocracy

Answer 45

Marketised education is ruled by parents. Power shifts away from the producers to the consumers and this encourages diversity among schools, gives parents more choice and raises standards

Question 46

Stephen ball- reproduction of inequality

Answer 46

Marketisation policies such as exam league tables and the funding formula reproduce class inequalities by resting inequalities between schools

Question 47

Cream skimming and silt shifting

Answer 47

Will bartlett Cs - good schools can be more selective and recruit high achieving mainlymmiddle class pupils. As a result these pupils gain an adacantage Ss- good schools can avoid taking less able pupils who are likely to get poor results and damage the schools league table position Opposite applies in schools with poor league table positions

Question 48

New labour 1997-2010

Answer 48

Blair and brown Designated some deprived areas as education action zones and provided them with additional resources Education maintenance allowances (EMAs) - payments to students from low income backgrounds to encourage them to stay on after 16 to gain better qualifications City academies - give a fresh start to struggling inner - city schools with mainly working class pupils

Question 49

Marketisation from 2010

Answer 49

Academies - where labours govt aimed to help disadvantaged schools, under coalition govt allowed may school to become an academy removing the focus on reducing inequality Free schools - improve educational standards by taking the control away from the state and into the hands of the parents.

Question 50

Evaluation of free schools

Answer 50

Allen - research from Sweden shows that they only benefit children from highly educated families. Are socially divisive Strict pupil selection and exclusion policies in USA

Question 51

Compensatory education from 2010

Answer 51

Free school meals Pupil premium - money that schools receive for each pupil from a disadvantaged background

Question 52

Evaluation of compensatory education from 2010

Answer 52

Ofsted found pupil premiums are not actually being spent on those it is supposed to help Abolition of the education maintenance allowance University tuition fees tripled up to £9000 per year Reduces opportunities for wc pupils and discourages them from continuing to higher education

Question 53

Fragmented centralisation - academies and free schools

Answer 53

Ball Fragmentation - the comprehensive system is being replaced by a patchwork of diverse provision, much of it involving private providers that leads to greater inequality in opportunities Centralisation of control - central govt alone ha the power to allow or require schools to become academies or allow free schools to be set up. These schools are funded directly by central govt. this reduces role of local authorities in education

Question 54

Privatisation, globalisation and commodification of education

Answer 54

Ball Many private companies in the education services are foreign owned. Pearson gcse exams marked in Sydney and Iowa Private companies are exporting education policy to other countries and then providing the services to deliver the policies Nation states are now becoming less important in policy making, shifting to a global level which is often privatised

Question 55

The cola-isation of schools

Answer 55

Molnar Schools are targeted by private companies because schools can carry product endorsement - vending machines and brand loyalty through logos and sponsorships

Question 56

Commodification of education.

Answer 56

Ball Education is being turned into a object of private profit making

Question 57

Callender and Jackson - fear of debt

Answer 57

Working class students are more likely to see debt negatively and as something to be avoided - saw more cost than benefits of going to uni Five time less likely to apply to uni Wc students less likely to have financial support from their families

Question 58

Feinstein - parents own education

Answer 58

Middle class parents tend to be better educated, they are able to give their children an advantage on how to socialise them Parenting style - high expectations and encouraging learinjng Educational behaviours -more aware of what is needed to help children in education - reading etc Use of income - buying educational toys

Question 59

Alice Sullivan - cultural capital and educational attainment

Answer 59

Questionnaires - pupils in schools Found those who read complex fiction and watched documentaries developed a wider vocabulary and greater cultural knowledge indicating greater cultural capital - children of graduates - more likely to be successful in GCSEs

Question 60

Differentiation and polarisation - subcultures

Answer 60

Lacey D - teachers categorising pupils according to how they perceive their ability, attitude and behaviour eg streaming P - students react to streaming by moving to one of the extremes - pro school or anti school subcultures

Question 61

Failure and status-subculture

Answer 61

Hargreaves Boys gained status by seeking other similar pupils out and forming a group within which high status went to those who went against school rules. Delinquent subculture that helped guarantee their educational failure

Question 62

Pupil adaptations to labelling and streaming - woods

Answer 62

Ingratiation - being teachers pet Ritualism - going through the motions and staying out of trouble Retreatism - daydreaming and mucking about Rebellion - outright rejection of everything the school stands for

Question 63

Abolishing streaming

Answer 63

Ball When the school abolished banding, the basis for pupils to polarise into subcultures disappeared and the influence of the anti school subculture declined. Differentiation continued - labelling continued leading to self fulfilling prophecy

Question 64

Lads and ladettes

Answer 64

Carolyn Jackson Questionnaires then interviews Found some girls and boys became part of a subculture because of a fear of failure Defensive mechanism that would provide them with an excuse for failure Just wanted to be socially accepted fuelling ‘laddish’ behaviour in both boys and girls

Question 65

Habitus - pupils class identities withi school

Answer 65

Archer Dispositions that are shared by a particular social class Middle class has power to define their habitus as superior and imposes it on the education system giving mc students an advantage

Question 66

Nike identities

Answer 66

Symbolic violence led to pupils seeking alternative ways of creating self worth and status - brand wearing like Nike Not conforming was social suicide Led to conflict with schools dress code reflecting schools mc habitus Led to more self exclusion from school as school didn’t fit their lifestyle choices

Question 67

Girls changing ambitions | Sue sharpe

Answer 67

1970s - girls had low aspirations- educational success was unfeminie and ambitiousness was unattractive - prioritised marriage and children 1990s - priorities - careers and being able to support themselves, more likely to see themselves as independent women

Question 68

Class, gender and ambition - biggart

Answer 68

Wc girls are more likely to face a precarious position in the labour market and to see motherhood as the only viable option for their futures. Hence they see less point in achieving in education.

Question 69

Hyper heterosexual feminine identities

Answer 69

Archer Looking the partbrought status from their female peer group and avoided them being ridiculed. Also brought them into conflict w school. Often punished for too much jewellery or makeup Led to school othering the girls- incapable of educational success - symbolic violence Ideal female pupil is desexualised and a mc one that excludes wc girls

Question 70

Primary socialisation affect on boys

Answer 70

Parents spend less time reading to sons and as mothers do most of the reading to children so it is seen as a feminine activity. Boys leisure activities eg football do little to develop language and communication skills whereas girls have bedroom culture which consists of chatting to friends.

Question 71

Industrialisation effect on boys

Answer 71

Mitsos and Browne Decline in male employment opportunities has led to an identity crisis for men many boys now believe they have little prospect for getting a job undermining their motivation for education

Question 72

Feminisation of education effect on boys

Answer 72

Sewell Schools do not nurture masculine traits such as competitiveness and leadership Coursework - girls do better due to traits

Question 73

Shortage of male teachers effect on boys

Answer 73

Yougov 39% of 8-11 year old boys have no lessons with a male teacher. Make teachers are better at controlling boys behaviour

Question 74

Criticism of the feminisation of education

Answer 74

Barbara read Speech Disciplinarian discourse - teachers authority is made explicit and visible through shouting etc Liberal - teacher speaks to pupil as if they were an adult and expects them to be kind and sensible Most teachers favoured masculine disciplinarian discourse Female teachers just as likely to choose this way

Question 75

Laddish subcultures - Francis

Answer 75

Boys more concerned than girls about being labelled by peers as swots because it is a threat to masculinity Non manual work and schoolwork is not masculine in wc culture As girls move into more masculine work this grows as boys respond by becoming increasingly laddish so they are not seen as feminine

Question 76

Moral panic about boys

Answer 76

Ringrose Views that girls have succeeded at the expense of boys who are now the disadvantaged ones have contributed to a moral panic that suggest wc boys will grow up to become an unemployable underclass that threatens social stability Huge effect on educational policy - ``` Narrows it to just failing boys so ignores problems of working class and ethnic minorities Ignores problems faced by girls eg sexual harassment ```

Question 77

Gender domains - subject choice

Answer 77

Browne and Ross Children’s beliefs about gender domains are shaped by their early experiences and the expectations of adults Children are more confident when engaging in tasks that they have seen as part of their own gender domain

Question 78

Single sex schooling

Answer 78

Leonard Girls in all girls schools were more likely to take math and science a levels and boys in all boys schools were more likely to take English and languages at a level

Question 79

Peer pressure - subject choice

Answer 79

Paechter Pupils see sport as mainly within the male gender domains so girls who are sporty have to cope with the image that contradicts conventional female stereotype Girls are more likely to opt out of sport than boys

Question 80

Gendered career opportunities- subject choice

Answer 80

Sex-typing of occupations affect boys and girls view of what kinds of jobs are possible or acceptable

Question 81

Ethnocentric curriculum

Answer 81

Coard Curriculum that reflects the culture of one ethnic group Produces underachievement -eg in history the British represented as bringing civilisation to the people they colonised - this image of black people as inferior undermines black children’s self esteem