Education

Question 1

Mills, C

Answer 1

Private Troubles and Public Issues- private trouble: individual expected to use skills to get a job, public issue: unemployment becoming widespread transcends to social problem

Question 2

Early 19th Century

Answer 2

No national system of education, poor had it delivered by charities and churches + Ruskin College 1899 offered university level education to poor or lower educated

Question 3

Public Schools Act

Answer 3

(1868) included Eton, Harrow etc and only two universities (Oxford + Cambridge)

Question 4

Butler Act

Answer 4

Introduction of Grammar Schools, Technical schools, Secondary modern schools

Question 5

1965

Answer 5

Introduction of comprehensive schools

Question 6

ERA

Answer 6

(1988) Marketisation of schools, league tables, greater parental choice

Question 7

2012

Answer 7

Raising of tuition frees to £9000

Question 8

Consensus Perspectives

Answer 8

Positive functions of education (Parson and Durkheim)

Question 9

Durkheim

Answer 9

Educations creates social solidarity through norms and values such as national curriculum, common history, cooperation and social solidarity v egoism

Question 10

Parsons

Answer 10

Education created a meritocracy and teaches the value of achievement and equal opportunity

Question 11

Critique of Consensus Perspective

Answer 11

Doesn’t always convey social solidarity through faith schools or academies, meritocracy isn’t always enforced and Young (1958) claims it legitimises hierarchy

Question 12

Conflict Perspective

Answer 12

Based on the view that different groups in society have different interests- or class struggle

Question 13

Boronski and Hassan

Answer 13

(2015) Neo-Marxist theories of capitalist reproduction of labour and class relations, critique of curriculum and impact on students, ethnographic research

Question 14

Bowles and Gintis

Answer 14

(1976) Correspondence Principle-Lower levels of education, intermediate levels, higher education

Question 15

Bernstein

Answer 15

(1961) Language through restricted and elaborated codes

Question 16

Bourdieu

Answer 16

Cultural capital, Social capital- curriculum based on middle-class norms and values

Question 17

Foucault

Answer 17

(1975) Discipline and Punish: Birth of the Modern Prison: Hidden curriculum, hierarchies, taking away identity, timetables and bells

Question 18

Illich’s proposal

Answer 18

Skill exchanges, learning webs

Question 19

Douglas

Answer 19

(1964) Cultural Deprivation theory explanation for how wider social, political and economic factors manifest themselves culturally

Question 20

Class Inequality

Answer 20

Halsey (1980) examined impact of changes to secondary education, middle classes do better due to support from families in 11+ test, comprehensives ‘cherry-pick’

Question 21

Gender Inequality

Answer 21

1880 girls destined for housework, no need for education, 11+ for girls had lower acceptance rates, girls separated from boys in education act 1944 and studied different subjects

Question 22

Ethnicity Inequality

Answer 22

Ethnocentricity, dress and meals, ethnicity and educational inequality more complex, Hernstein and Murray (1994) found Asians perform better, Afro-Caribbean perform worse