Education And Methods Flashcards
(120 cards)
1
Q
Feinstein
A
Middle class parents are more child centred which is reflected in greater personal investment in their child
2
Q
Educational priority areas
A
Abandoned
Schools cannot compensate for society
No longer get extra money for resources
3
Q
Mitsos and Browne
A
Teachers have lower expectations of boys
4
Q
Disruptive students
A
Some schools had to go into special measures
Non conforming students
Not entirely successful in teaching consensus and solidarity
5
Q
Davis and Moore
A
Social institutes sift and sort
6
Q
Educational policy
A
Aimed at improving girls educational opportunities at the expense of boys education
7
Q
Edward and Davis
A
Parents believed that certain toys and games are gender stereotyped
8
Q
Bernstein
A
Socialisation of children Working class restricted speech code
9
Q
Conservation government under Margaret
A
Schools would focus on aiming their offers at the parents and not the students
10
Q
Ball
A
Criticises the national curriculum for ignoring cultural and ethnic diversity
11
Q
Sue Sharpe
A
Girls no longer prioritise traditional pathways of marriage and motherhood, instead they prioritise education, career and less reliance on men
12
Q
Ethnic minorities
A
Poverty
Unemployed or low pay
Children may have to help at home and get a job
13
Q
Coard
A
What is taught in schools mainly reflects white culture
14
Q
Gillborn and Youdell
A
White female teachers have low expectations of black boys
15
Q
Pierre Bourdieu
A
Cultural capital that’s commanded by middle class which reinforced social inequality within society
16
Q
Guy palmer
A
Nearly half of ethnic minority children live in low income families
17
Q
Wright
A
Some teachers openly labelled Asian culture as inferior to British culture
18
Q
Statistics for those who receive free school meals and GCSE results
A
39% pass who have free school meals
- 5% pass who do not receive free school meals
- 5% gap
19
Q
Penny and Francis 2010
A
Social class is the strongest predictor of educational achievement in the UK
20
Q
The impact of class
A
When children from the lower working class have been compared to middle class children of the same ability significant differences have been found in performance 90% of failing schools are in deprived areas
21
Q
Diet and Health
A
Poor diets and higher level of sickness may means tiredness and difficulty in concentrating at school, particularly if the student has undertaken PT work
22
Q
Becker 1971
A
Interactionist theorists
Demonstrated that the source of student attainment lies within the school itself. He showed that teacher perceptions dictated outcome
Interviews with 60 high school teachers discovered that they initially evaluate pupils in relation to their stereotypes of the ‘ideal pupil’ who was intelligent, motivated and well behaved
23
Q
The 1944 education act
A
Established three types of secondary school - the tripartite system Grammar - top 15-20% upper middle class Technical - few lower middle/skilled manual working class Secondary modern - most children to be prepared to be the working classes
24
Q
Statistics for gender and education GCSE
A
2015 girls outperformed boys: 61.7% girls pass, 51.6% boys pass with a 10% gap
2013 study boys 2.5x more likely to have statements of special educational needs
25
P
Practical
26
V
Validity
27
T
Theoretical
Positivist
Interpretivists
28
Ex
Example
29
Et
Ethical
30
Rel
Reliability
31
Rep
Representativeness
| Can it be generalised
32
Women in employment statistics
Has risen from 53% in 1971 to 67% in 2013
33
Ball and Youdell 2007
Identify two main types of privatisation:
Privatisation in education
Privatisation of education
34
Privatisation in education
Refers to an ethos that institutions have been expected to adopt
Competition between schools for students
35
Privatisation of education
Aspects of the provision of education formerly run by the state have been passed to private profit making businesses that operate outside of education
E.g. edexcel is run by the multinational company Pearson plc
36
Durkheim 1903 main functions of education
Creating social solidarity
| Teaching specialist skills
37
Woolf review of vocational education 2011
Claims that high quality apprenticeships are rare and up to a third of 16-19 yrs are on courses that do not lead to higher education or good jobs
38
Tumin 1953
Criticises Davis and Moore for putting forward a circular argument
Important jobs are highly rewarded because they are important
39
Louis Althusser 1972 ideology and ideological state apparatus
```
Representing the political power of ruling class
Role is to mystify the way people are encouraged to see and experience the world
```
40
Bowles and Gintis
The world of work influences the organisation of education. They suggest this is like work casting a shadow over education with hidden curriculum
Lack detailed research, ignore the influences of formal curriculum
Helps people realise their position in society
41
Woolf
Questions whether more government spending on education will automatically lead to economic growth
42
Mac and Ghaill
Found that those in lower streams react to their perceived inferior status by forming delinquent
43
Young
Survey that found evidence of a working class subculture that schools were a waste of time and they often came from deprived areas
44
Gewirtz
```
Middle class parents have more power than working class parents
Use their economic, cultural and social capital to ensure their child goes to the best school
```
45
Fiona Norman
Most parents socialise boys and girls in different ways girls more gentle and boys more boisterous
46
Berieter and Englemann
```
Black children suffer from verbal deprivation from lower class backgrounds
Unable to use complex vocabulary
```
47
Kelly
Girls were put off from doing science because of its masculine characteristics found in textbooks and most teachers were male
48
Anti school subculture
Characterised by hyper masculinity
| Leads to self fulfilling prophecy as ethnic minority students may become anti school but pro education
49
Money
Schools get given money towards pupils from working class backgrounds for equality of opportunity
50
Equality of opportunity
```
Sometimes at the expense of working class pupils
School trips need to be paid for which working class cannot afford
```
51
Moore and Davenport US
Schools would discriminate against problem students
52
Double shifts
Working class parents usually work double shifts and are unable to attend parents evenings
53
Peer pressure
Girls and boys may pressure one another if they disapprove of their option choice
54
Labelling
Teachers label students from various ethnic groups and class
55
Goreid
Coursework benefitted females
56
Free school meals
```
Mainly working class pupils
Some don’t know their eligible
Some are too embarrassed about it to go get their meal
```
57
Swann and Gradden
Boys are generally more boisterous and attract the attention of the teachers and so get more opportunity to speak compared to girls
58
The 11+ system
```
Middle class dominated grammar schools
More advanced language which working class lack
```
59
Boys mature slowly
Lack concentration
Parents read less to boys
Boisterous
Attention seeking
60
Parents education
```
Their experience of the system
Working class parents are anti school
```
61
Weiner
Gender stereotypes removed from textbooks
62
Masculine subjects
Girls were put off science subjects because they were seen as masculine and the peer pressure of their friends could influence their subject options
63
University
Not match number of jobs available
Qualified workforce
Bored, jobs neither challenging or interesting
64
Educational resources
Disposable income to afford private tuition and books
Revision resources
Lower educational achievement
65
Little attention
To ethnic minority language and literature in schools
66
Tiklys
African Caribbean students were aware of their invisibility and were frustrated with the curriculum by the focus on white people and Europe
67
Student premium
Schools with high numbers of students eligible for free school meals were given extra educational resources to spend on further support
68
Sure start centres
Support poorer parents in order to tackle cultural and material deprivation
69
Fresh start programme
Key was to improve educational standards particularly in disadvantaged communities
70
Tony Sewell
Single mums lack the discipline provided by fathers and may be attracted by gang culture, which rejects academic values
71
Private education
Prepares the children of the elite for their future positions of power
72
Wrong
Functionalists over simplify the process of socialisation
Children as passive puppets in society
Teacher student relationship is not a one way process
73
Functionalist view
Ignores dysfunctional aspect of education
| Some schools may be allocated less funding than others
74
Privatisation
Process by which services that were once owned by the state are transferred to the private sector, companies, religious institutions, charities or other non governmental organisations
75
Advantages of privatisation
More efficient schools
More choice for parents
Profit motive may encourage private companies to intervene and improve schools in areas where education is of poor quality
76
Disadvantages of privatisation
Money maybe drained from the education system
Cherry picking
Not a guarantee of quality
Equality of educational opportunities and the quality of education under threat
77
Functionalists view of education
See education as a vehicle for instilling shared societal values
78
Marxists view of education
Education in a capitalist society only transmits the ideology of a minority - the ruling class
79
Paul Willis study of education and boys
```
Studied a group of 12 working class boys
Conducted a series of interviews and observations
He identified two groups of pupils as the lads and the ‘ear’oles’
```
80
Capitalist values
Competition, individualism and private enterprise as normal and natural
81
Postmodernists
Gender stereotypes in socialisation are much less common than in the past
Seeing more gender diversity in subject choice
82
Marketisation
Education run like a business
| Compete with others fro customers in the form of parents and pupils
83
Streaming
School sifts and sorts students placing them into streams lower working class usually end up in lower streams
84
Hidden curriculum
Encourages working class students to conform and to accept hierarchy and inequality
85
Language
Barriers
Elaborated
Restricted code
86
Housing
Overcrowded
Poor living conditions
Do not have their own space to study properly
87
Parents attitude
Working class parents may not be as involved or as pro school compared to middle class
88
Various job choice
Women now prioritise education
89
GIST and WISE
Girls into science and technology
| Women into science
90
New right
State schools are not producing the right sorts of workers required for the British businesses to successfully compete in the global economy
91
Iresen and Rushforth
Ethnic minority parents from high social economic backgrounds can afford to hire private tutors for their children
92
Bowles and Gintis
Discipline
| Authority
93
Parsons
School is simply a bridge between family and entry to employment
94
Educational reform act
Encouraged marketisation
95
Douglas
Middle class children received more attention and encouragement from their parents
96
Representativeness strengths
Official statistics
Good sample size
Environment already exists
97
Reliability strengths
Flexible
Standardised procedure
Patterns
98
Practical limitations
```
May not get to parents
Time consuming
Difficult to obtain
Impact child’s education
Biased
Off putting
Personal documents
Historical comparisons
Comparative value
Not following schedule
Overworked
Restricted
```
99
Ethical limitations
```
Lower streams no access
Poor conclusions
Misunderstood
Manipulate/deception
Guardianship sensitive issue
Debrief would be hard
Taking advantage
```
100
Ethical strengths
Public domain
Not name or target
Detailed
Confidential
101
Validity
```
High
School admission
Statements not reflect person
Make an idea
Doesn’t say why
Undermines natural behaviour
Socially desirable answers
```
102
Reliability limitations
```
Impossible to replicate
Subjunctive opinion
Interpreter bias
Redefine truancy in order to better public image
Actual numbers
Control variables
Changes in behaviour
Quantitive data
Cannot explain the questions
```
103
Representativeness limitations
```
Language
Unreliable
Unstandardised
Interpret differently
Difficult to replicate
Fail in delivery
Misleading information
```
104
Practical strengths
```
Easy accessible
Good sample size
Time
Cheap
Quick
Some children may focus better
```
105
Interpretivists
Valid information
| Want numerical data statistics
106
Positivists
Establish trends overtime
107
Example of questionnaire research
Bicknell 2014
108
Bicknell 2014
Used questionnaires to investigate parents contribution to the education of their mathematically gifted children
Results indicated that parents played key roles as motivators, resource providers and so on that were just as important as their child’s maths teachers
109
Example of interviewing teachers and parents
Ruth Lupton 2004
110
Ruth Lupton 2004
Conducted in depth interviews with head teachers and teachers in four schools in economically deprived areas
Data from interviews clearly show that teachers and schools work hard to help their students overcome the barriers to achievement that came from living in poverty. Consequently these schools did not inevitably fail
111
Example of interviewing students
Frosh 2002
112
Frosh 2002
Interviewed teenage boys in the early years of secondary school to find out what masculinity meant to them and how it affected their daily lives
The boys talked openly about their relationships with parents and friends, hardness, homophobia and football, and the importance of youth style, race and ethnicity
113
Example of participant observation in education
Paul Corrigan 1979
114
Paul Corrigan 1979
Used covert observation to study how students, especially truants, viewed education and teachers. Mislead both students and teachers into thinking he was doing research for a novel bashed in a school. He deliberately blanked the teachers because he did not want students to associate him with authority. By talking to students and observing them in their own space, he came to the conclusion that truancy was a response to the compulsory nature of school. Kids truanted because they resented the fact that the state forced them to go to school
115
Example of non participant observation in education
Colin Lacey 1970
116
Colin Lacey 1970
He spent two months familiarising himself with the staff and students. He talked to them about why he was in the school, which was to try to explain the underachievement of working class boys in grammar schools. Lacey found that despite working class boys being perceived as bright because they had passed the 11+ they were more likely to be placed in middle or bottom streams than middle class children. This streaming experience often engendered feelings of inferiority
117
Evaluation of laboratory experiments
Hypothesis can be tested under controlled conditions
Possible causes of events can be manipulated and isolated
Reliable and objective because it is repeatable and personal bias is excluded
It produces lots of statistical data that can be compared for correlations
Impossible to get experimental and control groups who are exactly alike
Unethical to experiment on people without their knowledge or informed consent
Interpretivists argue that social life is complex and probably cannot be reduced to variables that can be isolated or manipulated in a laboratory
118
Evaluation of social experiments
They are carried out in the real world and so are more likely to measure natural, everyday behaviour
They are more likely to produce qualitative information that is high in validity
Often carried out without people’s knowledge, unethical and deceptive
Covert nature of the experiment
Some interpretivists are critical of this method because it fails to appreciate that statistics are socially constructed
119
Evaluation of official statistics
Positivists see them as scientific - they are reliable, representative, valid, generalisable and objective
Easily accessible and cheap
Usually up to date and cover trends overtime
Create correlations and comparative data
May be biased
According to interpretivists, statistics tell us very little about people’s experiences, attitudes and feelings
120
Evaluation of personal documents
Highly valid
Ethnographic because they document the natural environment
May be the only source of data for past events
Cheap
Permission may be denied because they are confidential content
Positivists dislike them because few people voluntarily and consistently keep diaries, credibility may be questioned, unreliable, may lack validity and they are subjective rather than objective meaning they lack scientific status because they are not standardised, reliable or quantifiable
