Education - Class

Question 1

External Factors - Class

What did the Centre for Longitudinal Studies (2007) find?

Answer 1

By the age of three, children from disadvantaged backgrounds are already up to one year behind

Question 2

External Factors - Class

Who are four sociologists who studied language?

Answer 2

• Hubbs Tait et al (2002)
• Feinstein (2008)
• Bereiter and Engelmann (1966)
• Bernstein (1975)

Question 3

External Factors - Class

What did Hubbs tait et al (2002) find about language?

Answer 3

Where parents use language to challenge their children, cognitive performance improves

Question 4

External Factors - Class

How did Feinstein (2008) support Hubbs Tait et al (2002)

Answer 4

Educated parents are more likely to use language like Hubbs Tait said and are also more likely to use praise

Question 5

External Factors - Class

What did Bereiter and Engelmann (1966) find about language?

Answer 5

Working class language is deficient

Question 6

External Factors - Class

What did Bernstein (1975) find about language?

Answer 6

Theorised speech codes:

• Elaborated code: MC, used in schools and jobs
• Restricted code: WC

Question 7

External Factors - Class

What three sociologists studied parent’s education?

Answer 7

• Douglas (1964)
• Feinstein (2008)
• Bernstein and Young (1967)

Question 8

External Factors - Class

What does Douglas (1964) say about parent’s education?

Answer 8

Working class parents place less value on education and visited schools less because of it

Question 9

External Factors - Class

What does Feinstein (2008) say about parent’s education?

Answer 9

Middle class parents are better educated and give their children an advantage in how they socialise them

Question 10

External Factors - Class

What does Bernstein and Young (1967) say about parent’s education?

Answer 10

Middle class mothers are more likely to buy educational toys, books and activities that encourage reasoning skills and intellectual development

Question 11

External Factors - Class

Who studied working class subculture?

Answer 11

• Sugarman (1970)

Question 12

External Factors - Class

What did Sugarman (1970) find about working class subcultures?

Answer 12

Working class subculture has four key features:
- Fatalism
- Collectivism
- Immediate gratification
- Present-time orientation

Question 13

External Factors - Class

What did the DfE (2012) find about poverty and educational achievement?

Answer 13

Barely a third of FSM children achieve five or more GCSE’s

Question 14

External Factors - Class

What did Flaherty (2004) find about money problems and attendance?

Answer 14

Money problems are a significant factor in a child’s attendance at school

Question 15

External Factors - Class

What three sociologists studied the costs of education?

Answer 15

• Bull (1980)
• Tanner et al (2003)
• Flaherty (2004)

Question 16

External Factors - Class

What term did Bull (1980) use?

Answer 16

‘The costs of free schooling’

Question 17

External Factors - Class

what did Tanner et al (2003) find about the costs of education?

Answer 17

Costs of items such as uniform and transport places heavy burden on low income families

Question 18

External Factors - Class

What did Flaherty (2004) find about FSM?

Answer 18

Fear of stigmatisation may help to explain why 20% of FSM are not taken up

Question 19

External Factors - Class

What two sociologists studied housing, diet and health?

Answer 19

• Howard (2001)
• Wilkinson (1996)

Question 20

External Factors - Class

What did Howard (2001) find about diet and education?

Answer 20

Children from poorer homes have poorer nutrition which leads to illness and absence from school

Question 21

External Factors - Class

What does Wilkinson find about health and education?

Answer 21

Among ten-year-olds, the lower the social class, the higher the rate of hyperactivity and conduct disorders

Question 22

External Factors - Class

What three sociologists studied cultural capital?

Answer 22

• Bourdieu (1984)
• Leech and Campos (2003)
• Sullivan (2001)

Question 23

External Factors - Class

What did Bourdieu (1984) say about cultural capital?

Answer 23

Argues that both cultural and material factors contribute to educational achievement
There are three types of capital:
- Educational
- Economic
- Cultural

Question 24

External Factors - Class

What do Leech and Campos (2003) find about educational capital?

Answer 24

In a study of Coventry, middle class parents are more likely to afford a house in a good schools catchment area

Question 25

External Factors - Class What did Sullivan (2001) find about cultural capital?

Answer 25

Used cultural capital questionnaires with 465 pupils in 4 schools: Those who scored higher on the questionnaires did better in GCSE’s

Question 26

Internal Factors - Class Which three sociologists studied labelling?

Answer 26

- Becker (1971) - Dunne and Gazeley (2008) - Rist (1970)

Question 27

Internal Factors - Class Briefly outline Becker’s (1971) study and its findings.

Answer 27

- Interactionist study - Interviewed 60 Chicago bight school teachers - Teachers saw middle class students as closer to the ideal

Question 28

Internal Factors - Class What did Dunne and Gazeley (2008) find?

Answer 28

Teachers normalised the underachievement of working-class students in secondary schools

Question 29

Internal Factors - Class What did Rist (1970) find?

Answer 29

- Teacher’s used students background information in order to put them into groups - Working class pupils were put in the ‘Clowns’ group and were seated further away from the teacher - Middle class pupils were put in the ‘Tigers’ group and were seated closest to the teacher

Question 30

Internal Factors - Class What sociologist studied self-fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 30

Rosenthal and Jacobson (1968)

Question 31

Internal Factors - Class Briefly outline Rosenthal and Jacobson’s (1968) study and findings.

Answer 31

- Created a fake test and gave it to a class, picked 20% of them at random and labelled them ‘spurters’ - A year later, 47% of the ‘spurters’ had made significant progress

Question 32

Internal Factors - Class Which two sociologists studied streaming?

Answer 32

- Douglas - Gillborn and Youdell (2001)

Question 33

Internal Factors - Class What did Douglas find about streaming and IQ?

Answer 33

8-year-olds placed in higher streams had improved their IQ score by age 11

Question 34

Internal Factors - Class What did Gillborn and Youdell (2001) find about streaming?

Answer 34

- Publishing league tables creates an ‘A-C economy’ - Teachers are less likely to see working class pupils as having potential thus they put them in lower streams and entered for lower-tier GCSEs - Educational triage

Question 35

Internal Factors - Class What is educational triage?

Answer 35

1. Those who will pass anyway without help 2. Those with potential and who can be helped to achieve 3. Hopeless cases, doomed to fail

Question 36

Internal Factors - Class Which four sociologists studied pupil subcultures?

Answer 36

- Lacey (1970) - Hargreaves (1967) - Ball (1981) - Woods (1979)

Question 37

Internal Factors - Class What did Lacey (1970) find about pupil subcultures?

Answer 37

Explains how subcultures develop: - Differentiation - process of teachers categorising pupils based on how they perceive their ability - Polarisation - process of students responding to streaming and moving to one of two extreme ‘poles’ - pro-school or anti-school subcultures

Question 38

Internal Factors - Class What did Hargreaves (1967) find?

Answer 38

Boys in lower streams are considered triple failures: They failed their exams, are in lower streams and are labelled ‘worthless louts’

Question 39

Internal Factors - Class What did Ball (1981) find?

Answer 39

Where a school was in the process of abolishing streaming, the basis for polarisation disappeared along with the anti-school subculture but differentiation remained

Question 40

Internal Factors - Class What did Woods (1979) find about pupil subcultures?

Answer 40

Argues more responses are possible: - Ingratiation - the ‘teacher’s pet’ - Ritualism - going through the motions and staying out of trouble - Retreatism - daydreaming and mucking about - Rebellion - outright rejection of everything the school stands for

Question 41

Internal Factors - Class Which five sociologists studied pupils class, identities and the school?

Answer 41

- Bourdieu (1984) - Archer (2010) - Ingram (2009) - Evans (2009) - Reay (2005)

Question 42

Internal Factors - Class What concepts did Bourdieu come up with?

Answer 42

-Habitus - ‘dispositions’ and ways of acting shared by a social class - Symbolic capital - status given by socialised habitus - Symbolic Violence - the withholding of symbolic capital

Question 43

Internal Factors - Class What did Archer (2010) say about nike identities?

Answer 43

- Pupils invest heavily into street styles in response to symbolic violence - The school stigmatises working-class identities - These pupils are higher education as unrealistic and undesirable

Question 44

Internal Factors - Class Briefly outline Ingram’s (2009) study and what she found.

Answer 44

Studied two groups of boys at a working class Irish catholic school: - One group passed their 11+ exams and went to a grammar school where they were stigmatised for what they wore - One group failed their 11+ exams and went to the local secondary school

Question 45

Internal Factors - Class What did Evans (2009) find about working class girls?

Answer 45

They are reluctant to apply to elite universities like Oxbridge over fears that they won’t fit in