education class external factors

Question 1

what did Bernstein say about about cultural deprivation and speech codes

Answer 1

Speech Codes - Differences in speech codes put working-class children at a disadvantage because the elaborated code is used by teachers, textbooks and exams. Early socialisation into the elaborated code means that middle-class pupils are already at an advantage.

Question 2

what did douglas say about cultural deprivation and parent’s education

Answer 2

Parents’ Education - Working-class parents place less value on education; they are less ambitious for their children and give them less encouragement to participate in educational activities, such as homework. As a result of this, many working-class parents do not attend parents evening.

Question 3

what did sugarman say about cultural deprivation and working class subcultures

Answer 3

Working-class Subcultures - Sugarmann identifies 4 key acts that act as a barrier to educational achievement for working class pupils:

Fatalism- there’s nothing you can do to change your status
Collectivism - valuing being part of a group more than being an individual
Immediate gratification- seeking pleasure now rather than making sacrifices in order to get rewards in the future
Present time orientation- seeing the present as more important than the future, therefore having no long-term goals

Question 4

what did howard say about diet and health

Answer 4

Young people from poorer homes have lower intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals. Poor nutrition affects health, for example, by weakening the child’s immune system- this may result in more absences from school

Question 5

what did bourdieu say about cultural capital

Answer 5

Middle-class children with cultural capital are better equipped to meet the demands on the school curriculum. Parents can convert the cultural capital into economic capital, for example, they can send their children to private schools.