education policies Flashcards
(49 cards)
1
Q
What was the 1944 Education Act?
A
- The Butler Act brought the tripartite system of education
- The children must take the 11+ exam which would decide which school they would go to
2
Q
What were the three schools a child may go to after the 11+?
A
- Grammar Schools = It was an academic school
- Secondary Modern School = Taught things such as woodwork and needlework
- Secondary Technical School = They focused on schools such as mechanics and engineering
3
Q
Was the 11+ fair?
A
- The 11+ exam was not fair as it meant that the smartest pupils who were often middle class were able to get into grammar schools
- Also it meant the students were being picked based on selection when receiving a higher mark
- The tripartite system was unfair to girls as they had to achieve a higher grade
4
Q
What was the comprehensive system?
A
- The comprehensive system was introduced in the 1965, this abolished the Tripartite system, this aimed at one education for all providing equality of opportunity
- This was a state school of secondary education to ensure that backgrounds and abilities were allowed the same opportunities
- These do not select based off ability, they are mixed ability schools to be inclusive
5
Q
What was the evaluation of the comprehensive system?
A
- It did not give support to students at the top or bottom of abilities
- It encourages people to be mediocre
6
Q
What policies were introduced under the 1979-1997 Conservative Policies?
A
- Grant Maintained Schools
- Formula Funding
- Open Enrolment
- National Curriculum
- League Tables
- Ofsted
7
Q
What was the 1988 Education Reform Act?
A
- The 1988 Education Reform Act influenced the education system, new policies were introduced and began the start of marketisation policies, encouraging schools to compete with each other to increase standards in education
8
Q
What is a grant maintained school?
A
- They can opt out of local authority
- They then receive their funding from the government
- They are allowed to specialize in subjects
- This encourages parent choice and marketisation to compete to be the best school
- They are no longer in place
9
Q
What is formula funding?
A
- Funding based on the number enrolled which encourages schools to get more numbers for more money
- Successful schools receive more funding
- Underperforming schools are encouraged to improve
10
Q
What is open enrolment?
A
- It gives parents the choice to choose where there children go
- The aim was to encourage schools to have higher standards, therefore parents will choose it
- Middle class students benefit from it being able to choose the best schools
11
Q
What is national curriculum?
A
- Government tell the teachers what to teach
- There are key stage tests to see how well each school is doing and assess teachers
- Ensured everyone was getting the same assessment
12
Q
What are league tables?
A
- They are required to publish key stage tests
- They show results of each school to assess whether they are doing well
- Provides parents with information to choose the schools
- It helps middle class parents choose better schools
13
Q
What is ofsted?
A
- Schools will be monitored and assessed
- There is an independent body to judge how a school operates and what needs to improve
- This allows parents to decide which school is better
14
Q
What was New Labour’s aim in education? (1997-2010)
A
- Tony Blair sets out his main motivations to fix Education while he is in power
- Help low income students achieve the same opportunities
- Increase equality of opportunity
- Increase attainment overall
15
Q
What policies were introduced under New Labour 1997-2010?
A
- Education Action Zones
- Excellence in Cities
- Sure Start
- Academies
- Education Maintencance Allowance
- National Literacy Strategy
- Tuiton fees
- Specialist Schools
- Development of League Tables
16
Q
What is Education Action Zone?
A
- Raise motivation and attainment levels
- They praise breakfast and homework clubs
- They use representatives from local school businesses and parents
17
Q
What is excellence in cities?
A
- This was to improve attainment in disadvantaged inner city areas
- It helped with learning mentors and facilities
18
Q
What is Sure Start?
A
- They target under 5 year old children and families in deprived areas
- The aim was to improve their health, education and employment prospects
- It gave toys and a stimulating homelife for a better start when they begin school
- It also helps mothers with their children
- However, it was too expensive to keep running
19
Q
What are academies?
A
- They are designed to improve failing schools
- This was to increase standards in education
- It also meant that they could choose their own curriculum and free from local authority control
20
Q
What is the education maintenance allowance?
A
- Students in further education are paid weekly cash allowance to encourage them to stay in further education
- It was also proven that it did increase however it is now compulsory to be in further education
21
Q
What is the national literacy strategy?
A
- It ensured that schools are taught literacy everyday to increase attainment
22
Q
What are tuition fees?
A
- Introduced fees to go to university which increased the facilities and to encourage competition between other universities
23
Q
What are specialist schools?
A
- Specialist schools are able to focus on a particular subject which created more diversity in the education system
24
Q
How were league tables developed?
A
- It measured improvement of attainment in students
- They added a value score to achieve higher grades
25
Who were the Coalition government? (2010-2015)
- The coalition government was a combination of Conservatives and Liberal Democrats mainly aimed to support the middle class
26
What policies were introduced under the Coalition 2010-2015 government?
1. Converter Academies
2. Free Schools
3. Pupil Premium
27
What are converter academies?
- They are a school which has changed from a grant maintained school, it is funded from the government
- They have more decision making authority
- They can have a specific focus or specialty
- They want to improve educational outcome
28
What are free schools?
- They are non profit funded schools
- They are independent from local authority
- They do not have to follow the national curriculum
- They can be set up by parents, charities, sponsors, businesses, etc.
- This was to increase diversity and drive up standards
29
What is pupil premium?
- This is additional funding given to students from a deprived backgrounds
- They can receive free school meals or items such as textbooks
- This is compensatory education to tackle cultural deprivation
30
What policies were introduced under the Conservative government 2015-2024?
1. Multi Academy Chains
2. EBacc
3. Selective Schools
31
What are multi academy chains?
- They work with other schools in the academy chain, this helps to find which things work for a school and which things don't
- However, some chains work better than others
- This was done to improve standards
32
What is the EBacc
- This ensures a core curriculum such as English, Maths, Science, Language and a Humanities
- This allows students to compete in a global market and have a strong academic background
- This also leaves less room for vocational education
- Students are based on their EBacc performances
- This helps students compete in a global market because they are now judged on the PISA league table meaning there is more students to be judged
33
What are selective schools?
- Students must sit an entrance exam
- Set up new grammar schools in less privileged areas to encourage disadvantaged backgrounds
- However middle class students still benefit from this
34
What is marketisation?
- Schools were encouraged to compete against each other and act as if they are businesses
35
What are Marketisation policies?
1. Open Enrollment: This encourages schools to have better standards to make parents want to send their child to the school
2. Formula Funding: This is funding based on enrolment which means therefore students would want to compete for more students to receive more funding
3. Ofsted: It is a monitored and assessed judgement towards the school, this lets the parents decide the best school among others letting them compete
4. League Tables: This allows parents to choose the most highly rated school
36
What are marketisation policies impact on education?
- Marketisation is the concept of making schools compete like businesses and compete for pupils
- Conservatives started the process of marketisation within education
- Marketisation aims to increase standards which creates parentocracy as they can choose which school is the highest standard
37
What is privatization?
- Privatization is the transfer of government responsibilities to private companies, there are two types
- Endogenous and Exogeneous Privatization
38
What is endogenous privatisation and policies that have promoted this?
1. Endogenous Privatization = Taking ideas used by businesses and applying them to school
- Branding
- Facilities
- Competition
Policies that have promoted endogenous privatization
- Formula Funding
- Open enrolment
39
What is exogenous privatization and policies that have promoted this?
1. Exogeneous Privatization = Private businesses moving into the education sector
- Catering
- Stationary
Policies that have promoted exogenous privatization
- Exam boards
- Academies
40
How has exam boards encouraged exogenous privatization?
- Exam companies make millions, they are a hidden cost as many are unaware with how much it costs
- They charge schools for each paper for each student which is a lot of money
- They state that they are a charity to avoid paying certain expenses
41
What is globalisation?
- Globalization is the idea that the world has become more interconnected which is called a global village
- Globalization has happened economically, politically, socially and culturally
42
How has globalisation impacted education policies?
- It has impacted education as they compete on a global league table rather than national, this is the PISA league table
- It means education needs to prepare students for a changed job system
- Different skills need to be provided to compete in a global market as they are unable to compete with other countries with certain skills so need to provide academic skills, which has led to an increase in further education
- The introduction of the EBacc will enable students to compete more globally
- Universities are also compared across countries so need to appeal to new students and they act as a commodity which can be bought for profit
43
What is vocational education?
- Specialist skills needed in the work industry. This prepares students to work in a skilled craft.
- It is needed in schools to help students who struggle with exams an alternative route, it also means they have a specialist skill required in a certain industry
44
How is vocational education changing in education?
1. Schools now offer more apprenticeships
2. It gives students work experience
3. It teachers vocational subjects which are not typical to the curriculum
4. Schools allow students to sit Maths and english alongside vocational subjects
45
Why is vocational education given a lower status?
1. It is more practical rather than academic
2. It is not exam based, solely on coursework
3. It prepares students for lower paid jobs
46
What are criticisms of vocational education?
1. It prepares students for lower paid jobs
2. It is technically exploitation of cheap labour
3. There is a status division between academic and vocational subjects in the hidden curriculum
47
What are policies linked with selection?
- The 11+ exam meant students were selected based on their ability if they got a higher grade
- Open enrolment = You are able to choose any school until it is full
48
What are policies linked with gender?
- Girls were excluded from education however the tripartite system changed this, however they still had to achieve a higher a grade to get into the school
- Now, there are things included in encouraging girls into different subjects such as STEM
49
What are policies linked with ethnicity?
- Education Action Zones increased educational achievement in inner city areas with more ethnic minorities which increased self-esteem
