Education- social class affecting achievement Flashcards
MOCK YEAR 2 (20 cards)
Two factors that affect achievement:
Internal and external
External factors
Cultural deprivation: differences in norms and values through socialisation and attitudes to education
Material deprivation: adequate housing, diet and income.
Cultural deprivation: NEW RIGHT
The different norms, values, beliefs, skills. Different classes socialise children differently
3 factors: language, parents education and working class subculture.
Language + source:
Bernstein:
-working class use restricted code: limited vocab and simple sentences.
middle class use elaborated code: wide vocab and complex sentences.
Elaborated code is used in education therefore benefiting the working class.
Parents education + source:
Fernstein:
-parenting style: educated parent use discipline and have high expectations, less educated have inconsistent discipline- have poorer motivation.
-parents educational behaviors: educated parents are more aware of what helps a child.
-language to develop a child’s cognitive development.
-use of income: promote children’s education with toys.
Working class subculture:
- immediate gratification: rewards now rather than later
- fatalism: whatever will be, will be.
- low value on education: working class show less interests in childrens education.
Criticism of working class subculture (low value on education):
Working class parents do not attend parents evenings because they work longer hours and feel inferior to the teachers.
Criticism overall of cultural deprivation:
Ignores the importance of material factors, ignores impacts of school factors (labelling), and blames the victim for their failure.
Material deprivation: MARXISTS
-poor housing: overcrowding, homeless or temp accom.
-poor diet: illnesses, absence in schools.
Financial costs of education:
-poorer families can afford fewer educational opportunities: trips and computers
Lead to stigmatisation or bullying.
Cultural capital theory + source:
Borduei:
Economic capital: wealth that middle class families own.
Cultural capital: attitudes and skills.
Educational capital: gain through economic capital, middle class children have an advantage to achieve cultural capital.
Internal factors:
Labelling, self-fulfilling prophecy, streaming and pupil subcultures.
Labelling + source:
Becker:
Teachers label middle class students as ‘ideal pupils’.
Self-fulfilling prophecy: + criticism:
Prediction made about someone, teachers create these.
Middle class pupils are ‘bright’ and therefore succeed, and working class pupils are labelled negatively and therefore fail.
-Not all pupils fulfil the prophecy.
Streaming:
- putting pupils together with similar abilities.
-‘bright’ pupils are in the top stream.
-‘thick’ pupils are in the bottom stream.
Differentiation + sources.
Lacy:
-separation different students and educating them differently, differentation leads to self fulfilling prophecy.
Douglas: found that the IQ of pupils in the top band increased, pupils IQ in low band decreased.
Pupil subcultures:
-Pro school subcultures: created by top stream pupils, they accept school values, enjoy school and have regular attendance.
-Anti school subcultures: created by low stream pupils, reject school values and invent new rules, avoid doing homework etc.
Status and subcultures.. source:
Lacy:
Lower stream students join snti school subcultures because schools deprive them of status by labelling them as failures, therefore students create their own status hierarchy.
Criticism of status + subcultures:
Only focusing on internal factors may mean neglecting home back ground factors.
Class identities and achievement + source:
Archer:
- Habitus: a way of social classes thinking, being and acting. Middle class have the power to define its habitus as superior and impose it on the educational system.
