Educational Organisations in their Environment

Question 1

Who came up with the idea of a 100% solution?

Answer 1

Ouchi (2003)

Question 2

In what context was Bourdieu (1986) writing?

Answer 2

Idea often applied to educational systems although not explicitly written with that in mind. Concept of ‘conversion’ between different forms of capital viewed as important.

Question 3

In what two ways did Levacic (1997) view the external environment?

Answer 3

1. General environment (social, political, economic)
2. Task environment (i.e. parents and local community)

Question 4

Who viewed the external environment in these two ways:

1. General environment (social, political, economic)
2. Task environment (i.e. parents and local community)

Answer 4

Levacic (1997)

Question 5

What was Baker and Elmer’s criticism of the 65% solution?

Answer 5

Didn’t work - just for political gain

Question 6

What context was the 100% solution meant for?

Answer 6

USA

Question 7

Who discuss the 100% and 65% solutions?

Answer 7

Baker and Elmer (2009)

Question 8

Ouchi (2003) cited by Baker and Elmer (2009) cited what sort of reform?

Answer 8

100% solution

Question 9

What is a decentralised finance system?

Answer 9

Where responsibility is delegated to the school.

Question 10

What idea did Tim Mooney come up with?

Answer 10

65% solution

Question 11

What is a rational system according to Scott?

Answer 11

Goal pursuing organisation e.g. Ofsted

Question 12

Who said that organisations should meet the needs of stakeholders in order to survive?

Answer 12

Butler 1991

Question 13

What is an open system according to Scott?

Answer 13

An organisation which is dependent on its external environment and exists to satisy shareholders.

Question 14

In what two ways can educational outcomes be viewed?

Answer 14

Societal and personal

Question 15

What is a centralised finance system?

Answer 15

Where an authority beyond the school controls resource allocation.

Question 16

In what context was Scott writing?

Answer 16

American. Sociologist. Scope of research was broad. Schools were looked at, though not individually. Research still respected and referenced today.

Question 17

In what context was Levacic (1997) writing?

Answer 17

Universally applicable ideas but with British context in mind.

Question 18

In what context was Butler (1991) writing?

Answer 18

Writing about organisations generally - not specifically schools.

Question 19

Scott (1987) views organisations in three ways. What are they?

Answer 19

1. Rational system
2. Natural system
3. Open system

Question 20

What is a natural system according to Scott?

Answer 20

An organisation which serves human needs.

Question 21

What was Butler’s (1991) view of organisations?

Answer 21

They should meet the needs of their stakeholders in order to survive.

Question 22

What did the 65% solution mean?

Answer 22

65% of spending had to be spent on the classroom

Question 23

Bourdieu (1986) talks about educational capital in three ways….

Answer 23

1. Economic
2. Social
3. Cultural

Question 24

Who came up with the idea of the 65% solution?

Answer 24

Tim Mooney

Question 25

Who viewed systems as rational, open or natural?

Answer 25

Scott (1987)

Question 26

Who talked about educational capital in these terms?

1. Economic
2. Social
3. Cultural

Answer 26

Bourdieu (1986)

Question 27

What is the 100% solution sometimes also called?

Answer 27

Weighted student forumla

Question 28

What is the difference between outcomes and output?

Answer 28

Outcomes = lasting qualities

Output = immediate gains by students

Question 29

What are the three elements of an input-outcome model?

Answer 29

1. External environment (where the schools gets its raw materials - students)
2. Processes (moving the organisation from learning resources to a learning environment)
3. Human relations system (giving feedback to the external environment)

Question 30

What was Baker and Elmer’s (2009) criticism of the 100% solution?

Answer 30

Under-researched