Educational Policies

Question 1

list as many polices as you can that promote equality of opportunity (11)

Answer 1

• compensatory education
• EMA (edu maintenance allowance)
• EAZ (edu action zones)
• GIST / WISE
• comprehensive schools
• sure start
• faith schools
• state schools
• catchment areas
• aim higher
• vocational education

Question 2

list as many policies as you can that promote marketisation (12)

Answer 2

• pupil premium
• formula funding
• free schools
• league tables
• national curriculum
• OFSTED
• tripartite system /grammar schools
• SATs
• tuition fees
• Progress 8
• private schools
• public schools

Question 3

what was the first age of educational policies (not completely relevant )

Answer 3

Tripartite system

Question 4

describe the tripartite system

Answer 4

-11+ IQ exam at end of primary determined if you went to Grammar School, Secondary Moderns or Technical Colleges

Question 5

what is the second age of educational policies

Answer 5

1965 Labour Gov intro of Comprehensives

Question 6

what did the 1965 Labour gov promote

Answer 6

equality of opportunity

Question 7

how did the 1965 Labour Gov promote equality of opportunity

Answer 7

• abolished tripartite system; grammar schools mainly abolished and secondary moderns became comprehensives with an individual learning approach
• all schools controlled by the LEA

Question 8

give 2 disadvantages of the changes brought by the 1965 Labour Gov

Answer 8

• comprehensives disadvantages w/c and ethnic minorities by setting and streaming
• schools in deprived areas often failing

Question 9

what is the 3rd age of educational policies

Answer 9

1988 Education Act

Question 10

what did the 1988 Education Act promote

Answer 10

choice competition marketisation and parentocracy

Question 11

give 3 main aims of the 1988 Education Act

Answer 11

• introduce competition and marketisation
• increase patent choice
• raise standards

Question 12

give 3 ways parents were given more choice in the 1988 Education Act

Answer 12

• League Tables ranked schools based on results ; parents could choose the best one for child
• OFSTED judged and published schools efficiency to keep them up to code for parents to see
• National curriculum allowed for schools to be examined on same grounds

Question 13

give 3 ways the 1988 Education Act introduced marketisation

Answer 13

• National Curriculum taught all s hooks the same content so schools could be assessed the same way in League tables
• formula funding gave schools money per pupil so oversubscribed schools could expand and gain better resources to improve
• vocational education gave pupils job specific knowledge

Question 14

give 4 critiques of the 1988 Education act (not studies )

Answer 14

• selection by mortgage houses in catchment areas of good schools were expensive so w/c disadvantaged
• m/c could afford wider range of schools as they could afford travel costs
• over subscribed schools could creamskim best students who get good results and inc schools rep while w/c are silt shifted into worse schools
• national curriculum is ethnocentric

Question 15

give 2 theorist critiques of the 1988 Education Act

Answer 15

• Gerwitz; m/c have compatible cultural capital and are skilled choosers
• Youdell ; league tables promote teach to the test

Question 16

what is the 4th age of educational policies

Answer 16

-1997-2010 New Labour

Question 17

what was the 1997-2010 new labour trying to promote

Answer 17

diversity and reduction of inequality

Question 18

give 5 ways 1997-2010 New Labour attempted to reduce inequality

Answer 18

• inc education funding
• EAZ (extra money for deprives areas) and EMA (£30 a week for travel)
• academies
• wider subject and exam choice
• Sure Start /compensatory education (12 hours a week free nursery provision age 2-4)

Question 19

give 3 positive evaluations of the 1997-2010 New Labour policies

Answer 19

• academies rose standards in deprived areas
• standards on a whole improved
• greater choice with academies and expansion of faith schools

Question 20

give 4 negative evaluations of 1997-2010 New Labour policies (one study )

Answer 20

• sure start improved health not education
• Connor et al; tuition fees (£1000 for HE) out off w/c
• class gap in achievement continued to increase due to selection by mortgage and cream skimming
• private schools

Question 21

what is the 5th age of educational policies

Answer 21

2010 Coalition Government

Question 22

what did the 2010 Coalition Gov aim to promote

Answer 22

marketisation and parentocracy

Question 23

how did the 2010 Coalition Gov promote parentocracy

Answer 23

• inc choice with forced academisation and free schools (ran by communities )
• Progress 8 added value to GCSEs and allowed for ranking

Question 24

give 2 positive evaluations of the 2010 Coalition Gov

Answer 24

• standards continued to rise
• attainment gap between FSM and non FSM decreased

Question 25

give 3 negative evaluations of the 2010 coalition gov

Answer 25

- free schools adv m/c parents and take funding from other schools - scrapping of EMA lowered HE stay on rate - no way to guarantee what schools spend £600 of pupil premium on

Question 26

give a study that criticises league tables

Answer 26

- Ball ; believes inequality is reproduced and legitimised through league tables and for formula funding

Question 27

how can privatisation be seen in the education system (3)

Answer 27

- schools operating like private businesses via marketing and performance targets - academisation allows for businesses to sponsor schools - outsourcing of services eg cleaning services, exam services and private investment in school buildings

Question 28

give 3 criticisms of the privatisation of education using one study

Answer 28

- Ball; coca- colonisation of schools means there’s a focus on profit over progress eg unprofitable courses cut - academies can use unqualified teachers - some schools can opt out of LEA control and National Curriculum

Question 29

give 3 ways the 1988 Education Act impacted gender (girls pos)

Answer 29

- intro of national curriculum meant it was illegal to discriminate on grounds of gender for subject choice - standardised testing and coursework linked to girls improvements (disproved) - marketisation meant girls (since they achieved better) seen as more desirable

Question 30

name 3 schemes under 1997-2010 New Labour aimed at reasoning boys achievements

Answer 30

Reading Champions Scheme Raising Boys Achievement Scheme Playing for Success Scheme (encouraged boys to read)

Question 31

give any other policies that impacted gender

Answer 31

- GIST/WISE - change to linear exams and removal of coursework (to improve boys achievement)

Question 32

how did comprehensive education impact social class inequality

Answer 32

-aimed to improve equality of opportunity with banning selection by ability but limited by setting and streaming

Question 33

give 2 ways the 1988 Education Act impacted ethnicity (negatively)

Answer 33

- ethnocentric curriculum disadvantages minorities - Gilborn and Youdell argue that ethnic pupils are labelled (pos (Indian +Chinese) or neg (Black Caribbean)) which impacts achievement

Question 34

give 2 ways policies have impacted ethnicity positively

Answer 34

- increased funding given to EAL and ESOL - multicultural education policies in 80s and 90s and saturday schools for black communities