Educational Policy

Question 1

What was under the 1870 education for all Act

Answer 1

Foster act-created ‘Elementary Schools’ where there was no Church school. Provided some free education to age 10. School compulsory 5-13 in 1880.

Question 2

Advantages and Disadvantages of the 1870 Education for all act

Answer 2

• Advantages:First time government provided basic education. Patchwork Provision (more unified)
• Disadvantages:Still expected to pay for equiptment. Children unable to work.

Question 3

What was under the 1944 Butler act?

Answer 3

• Creation of formal state funded education.
• Students would sit an 11+ exam and be sent to one of three schools (selection by ability)

Grammar school (25% went 1 in 4)
Secondary Technical School (vocational)
Secondary Modern School
(tripartite three layers)

Question 4

Advantages of 1944 Butler act

Answer 4

• help working class (same oppurtunity)
• 3% pupils in grammar schools on free meals)
• meritocracy-doesnt mater what class if you work hard you can achieve
• parity of esteem all equal schools

Question 5

Disadvantages of 1944 Butler act

Answer 5

• Ability is fixed
• low self esteem for 75% that failed
• Middle class could pay for tutors
• 3/4 Places went ot middle class kids
• August disadvantaged maturity levels
• Secondary techincal schools underfunded

Question 6

What was under the 1965 comprehensives (Labour)

Answer 6

British Goverments backs the move to ‘comprehensive schools’ by introducing CSE (Certificate of secondary education) exams
1974:Organisation of secondary education reinstated the request that LEAs should submit plans for comprehensivisation.

Lea-Local education authorities

Question 7

Advantages of 1965 Comprehensives (Labour)

Answer 7

• Gcse and A level results have risen in last 20 years
• Old inequalities in statues have been removed Gcses marked equally
• Offer every child a diverse curriculum with free exams

Question 8

Disadvantages og 1965 Comprehensives (Labour)

Answer 8

• Smartness levels mixed
• Bullying because of mixed abilities
• Focused on where you live, Poor neighborhoods lower ability.

Question 9

What was Under the 1988 Education reform act

Answer 9

• Parents given more choice over which schools to send their children to. Open enrolment and formula funding introduced.
• Schools encouraged to compete for students
• League tables introduced, and OFSTED puplished reports for each school.
• Introduction of National Curriculum
• SATS Introduced at all key stages-introduced marketisation

Question 10

Advantages of 1988 Education Act

Answer 10

• Parentocracy parents have more say
• Improved quality in schools with increasing competition
• Marketisation introduced by thatcher

Question 11

Disadvantages of 1988 Education Act

Answer 11

• Marketisation-negative affects on mental health due to competition
• If you cant afford transport forced to go to worse school
• creates Zombie Schools ( struggiling due to declining enrollment, budget constraints, or lack of innovative leadership.)

Question 12

What was under the 1997-2010 NewLabour

Answer 12

• Extended provision of specalist and faith schools.
• Intrducted trust schools and private finnance initatives.
• Introducted city academies to replace failing schools.
• Alevel split into AS and A2
• Tuition fees introduced to fund high educqation intially 3000 a year
• CEP Policies introducted

Question 13

What are the CEP (Compensatory education policies) under new labour

Answer 13

• Compulsory education extended from 16-18
• Aim Higher programme-Sure start centres
• Education Action Zones
• EMA-Education maintence allowance
• Nation literacy and Numeracy Strategy introduced

Question 14

Advantages of 1997-2010 New Labour

Answer 14

• Specialist schools can aid certain students
• Faith schools give parents more choice
• Trust schools share teacher resources
• City academies revived zombie schools
• Private finnance initative allow schools t rebuild, compulsory education avoided unemployment reduces amount of benefit claims
• Sure start centres deal with both cultural and material deprevation
• FMA payments allowed children to afford school equiptment

Question 15

Disadvantages of 1997-2010 New Labour

Answer 15

• Specialist schools push children down a certain route.
• City academies allow schools to opt out of national curiculum causing bias opinions onto children. Trojan horse
• Tuition fees limit acsess
• EMA payments spend on other things

Question 16

What was under the 2010-2015 Coalition policies

Answer 16

Academies Act 2010:All schools encouraged to leave local authority control and become academies. Funding controlled by themselves, and academies given control over their curriculum.

Free schools
* Set up and run by parents, teachers, faith organisations or businesses.
* Funding still controlled by state.
* Tuition fees tripled. 3000 to 9000
*
Free school meals:Reception Yr 1 and Yr2
Pupil Premium:Additonal funding for students from disadvantaged backgrounds.

(Further privatisation)

Question 17

Advantages of 2010-15 Coalition policies

Answer 17

• Introduced free school meals
• Control curriculum priotise spending have more control
• localised curriculum.

Question 18

Disadvantages of 2010-15 coalition policies

Answer 18

• Chance of corruption
• no checks on teaching
• Putting education in businesses hands
• parentocracy

Question 19

What was under Conservative policies

Answer 19

• 100 Free schools a year, no new places in schools rated poorly by ofsted
• Universities that charge maximum fees must sponsor free schools or academies. Independent Schools to sponsor academies or state schools.
• Life ban on selective schools (grammar)
• knowledge rich curriculum (times tables)
• Increase budget for schools by £4 billion by 2022
• Scrap infant free school meals-instead all primaries to offer a free school breakfast to all.
• School policies listed elsewhere in manifesto (british values/first aid training)

Question 20

Advantages 2015 Conservative policies

Answer 20

• Reduced entry for unis by sponsored schools
• fairer ways of measuring schools success

Question 21

Disadvantages of 2015 Conservative Policies

Answer 21

• Zombie schools continue
• British values may lead to racism
• first aid training, mental health training not recieved
• Austerity and funding cuts continue average 8%

Question 22

What does Stephen Ball (1994) and Geoff Whitty (1998) say about marketisation

Answer 22

Stephen Ball and Geoff Whitty note how marketisation policies such as exam league tables and the funding formula** reproduce class inequalities by creating in equalities between schools.**

Question 23

What does Miriam David (1993) think about marketisation

Answer 23

Miriam David describes marketisation of education as ‘parentocracy’ (ruled by parents).

Supporters of marketisation argue that in a education market, power shifts away from the producers (teachers and schools) to consumers (parents). They claim that this encourages diversity among schools, gives parents more choice and raise standards.

Question 24

What does Will Bartlett (1993) believe about marketisation

Answer 24

The policy of publishing eachothers exam results and league tables results in (a reproduction of social class inequalities)

Cream skimming:Good schools can be selective, choose their own customers and recruit high achieving mainly middle class pupils. as a result these pupils gain advantage.

Silt-shifting: Good schools can avoid taking less able pupils who are likely to get poor results and damage league table positions.

Question 25

What is the funding formula?

Answer 25

Schools are allocated certain amount of funds depending on hwo many pupils they attract. Popular schools get higher funding and can afford to pay for better teachers. Popularity increases further increases selectiviety.

Question 26

What does Gerwitz believe about marketisation of education?

Answer 26

**Marketisation advantages middle class through creating inequalities between schools and giving parents who have better economic and cultural capital.** -Gerwitz did a study of 14 secondary schools in London. She found that middle class parents with economic and cultural capital leads to social class inequality* **Privileged-skilled choosers**-Professional Middle class parents who used cultural and economic capital to gain education for their children. E.g travel, knowing admissions process well **Disconnected-local choosers**-Working class parents whose choices are restricted by economic and cultural capital **Semi Skilled workers**-Working class but had more awareness and ambition for their child

Question 27

What does Ball argue about parentocracy

Answer 27

Parentocracy is a myth! Not all parents have the same freedom to choose which schools to send their children too.

Question 28

How did New Labour Governements of 1997 to 2010 aim to reduce inequality

Answer 28

* Designating deprived areas as Education action zones (providing more rescources) * Aim Higher Programme encourage underestimated students to continue further education * Education maintence allowances (EMA) payments to students from low income backgrounds to continue further education. * National Literacy strategy. Increase literacy and numercy in curiciulum * Increased funding for state education * City academies created * Sure Start centres

Question 29

How did Melissa Benn criticise Labours inequality in education policies

Answer 29

"New Labour paradox". Contradiction between commitment to marketisation and inequality. EMAS contradicted by tuition fees

Question 30

What were academies under the coalition policies 2010-2015

Answer 30

From 2010 all schools were encouraged to leave local authority control and become academies. Funding taken from local authority budgets and given directly to academies by central goverment. By 2012 iver half of the secondary schools had converted to academies. by allowing any school to become an academy it removed focus on inequality. ## Footnote (in England) an inner-city school which is funded by the government and sometimes also by a private individual or organization but is not controlled by the local authority.

Question 31

What were free schools like under 2010-2015 coalition goverment

Answer 31

Funded by the state set up and run by parents, faith organisations, teachers or businesses rather than local authority. Parents more freedom

Question 32

What does Rebecca Allen (2010) argue about free schools

Answer 32

Research from sweden where 20% of schools are free schools show that they only benefit children from highly education famillies.

Question 33

What does Ball believe about promoting academies and free schools.

Answer 33

It has led to an increased **Fragmentation**:the comprehensive system is being replaced by a patchwork of diverse provision, much of it involving private providers. (inequality in oppurtunities) **Centralisation of control**:Central Goverment has the power to allow or require schools to become academies or allow free schools to be set up. Reduced role of local authorties in education.

Question 34

Coalition policies to reduce inequality in education were they actually affective? ## Footnote Conservative-Liberal democrat coalition 2010-15

Answer 34

* Free School meals for children in reception, Year one and year two * Pupil premium-money that schools recieve for each pupil from a disadvantaged background Ofsted 2012 found that in many cases PP is not spent on those it is supposed to help. 1 in 10 head teachers said that it had significantly changed how they supported pupils spending on school buildings cut by 60% Tuition fees

Question 35

What is the privatisation of education

Answer 35

**Privatisation** involves the transfer of public assets such as schools to private companies. Education becomes a source of proft for capitalists in what ball calls 'Education services Industry' ESI

Question 36

What are public-private partnerships (PPPs)

Answer 36

Where private sector companies provide capital to design,build finance and operate educational services.

Question 37

What is the cola-isation of schools

Answer 37

Private Sector penetrating education indirectly e.g vending machines, brand loyalty,sponsorships. According to Molnar schools are targeted by private companies because schools by their nature carry enormous goodwill and can thus confer legitimacy on anything assosiated with them. Product endorsement. Tesco £110,000 for one computer 5,449 choclate bars for volleyball posts

Question 38

How do Ball and Youdell distinguish between exogenous and endoenous privatisation?

Answer 38

**Endogenous Globalization** Endogenous globalization refers to the internal transformation of education systems, where public schools adopt business-like practices, such as: Performance targets for teachers Marketing and branding of schools Increased emphasis on efficiency and profit Competition among schools, driving improvement **Exogenous Globalization** Exogenous globalization, on the other hand, involves external influences and private sector involvement in public education, including: Contracting out education services to private companies Influence of international organizations promoting privatized reforms Growth of quasi-markets in education, where schools compete for students and resources Increased presence of multinational corporations in education, such as exam boards (e.g., Edexcel, owned by Pearson)