Educational psychology

Question 1

Aristotle said things are remembered together when they are similar, contrasting, and:

Answer 1

Contiguous

Question 2

What are the behaviorist theories of learning?

Answer 2

Classical conditioning (Ivan Pavlov), law of effect (Thorndike), operant conditioning (Skinner), Social Learning Theory (Bandura)

Question 3

Fixed ratio refers to:

Answer 3

Fixed number of behaviors required for reinforcement

Question 4

Variable interval refers to:

Answer 4

Variable amount of time required for reinforcement

Question 5

What does Premack’s principle say?

Answer 5

One way to increase less enjoyed activities is to link them with more-enjoyed activities

Question 6

Primary reinforcers are basic human needs, while secondary reinforcers are social, activity, token/symbolic. True or false?

Answer 6

True

Question 7

Punishment is the same as negative reinforcement. True or false?

Answer 7

False

Question 8

What is shaping?

Answer 8

Succesive approximations of a behavior which are reinforced (Vygotsky’s proximal zone of development)

Question 9

The 4 phases of Bandura’s social learning theory are:

Answer 9

Attentional, retention, reproduction, motivational

Question 10

What is self-regulated learning?

Answer 10

Observe own behavior, judge it against own standard and reinforce/punish oneself.

Question 11

What does Meichenbaum’s model of self-regulated learning say?

Answer 11

-focus on metacognition and self-instruction
-steps: cognitive modelling => overt, external guidance => overt, self-guidance => faded, overt self-guidance => covert self-instruction (private speech)

Question 12

What is a proactive interference? What about a retroactive?

Answer 12

Proactive: previously learned info influences recall of new informations.
Retroactive: new information influences the recall of previously learned info.

Question 13

What is Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development?

Answer 13

The distance between actual (independent) development level and potential of development (collaboration)

Question 14

What are the components of Zimmerman’s self-regulated learning?

Answer 14

Forethought => performance => self-reflection

Question 15

What is instrumental enrichment (Reuven Feuerstein)?

Answer 15

Develop various abilities through a series of paper-and-pencil exercises

Question 16

Positive transfer of learning can be characterized as either a proactive or a retroactive facilitation. True or false?

Answer 16

True

Question 17

According to self-determination theory what types of motivations are there?

Answer 17

Extrinsic, intrinsic, and demotivation

Question 18

What does Maslow say about needs?

Answer 18

There are deficiency needs (physiological, safety, love, esteem), and growth needs (self-actualization: need to know, understand, appreciate beauty)

Question 19

What does McClelland’s Theory of Needs say?

Answer 19

There are 3 motivators: achievement, affiliation, power.

Question 20

Self-Determination theory says that autonomy, competence and relatedness lead to motivation. True or false?

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Expectancy theory says:

Answer 21

effort to achieve depends on expectation of reward (expectancy-valence model)

Question 22

What are the 3 characteristics part of the Attribution theory of motivation?

Answer 22

Internal/external, stable/unstable, controllable/uncontrollable

Question 23

What are the dimension of the No Child Left Behind model?

Answer 23

Pos.-neg. relationship, Control-empowerment
These result in:
-Understanding classroom (control, pos. rel.)
-Destructive classroom (control, neg. rel.)
-Motivating classroom (empowerment, pos. rel.)
-Confusing/neglecting classroom (empowermnet, neg. rel.)

Question 24

What are gardner’s mutiple intelligences?

Answer 24

Linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic

Question 25

What is learning readiness?

Answer 25

Student's entry point into a particular competence or concept

Question 26

Which of these are supported by research: between-class or within-class ability grouping?

Answer 26

Within-class

Question 27

What is individualized instruction?

Answer 27

Adaptive, personalized, differentiated instruction.

Question 28

What does a Individualized Education Program imply?

Answer 28

It guides the services the student with a disability receives

Question 29

What does multicultural education include?

Answer 29

Content information, knowledge construction, prejudice reduction, equity pedagogy, empowering school culture

Question 30

What is an intentional teacher?

Answer 30

A teacher who is aware and respects differences, proactively seeking professional development to improve outcomes for diverse students, they involve parents and communities, etc.

Question 31

What is overlapping?

Answer 31

Teacher's ability to attend to interruptions/behavior problems while continuing a lesson/instructional activity.

Question 32

What does the principle of least intervention imply?

Answer 32

Classroom management based on prevention, non-verbal cues, praise of correct behavior, praise for other students, verbal reminders, repeated reminders, consequences

Question 33

What are the characteristics of bullying?

Answer 33

Intentional, repeated, aggresive, power imbalance (the last 3 are Perron's 3 criteria for identifying bullying)