Eeg 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What is the frequency range of alpha? And the voltage range?
A
8-13Hz and 20-60Uv (usually 50Uv)
2
Q
What is the most common EEG pattern you will see in patients taking antipsychotics?
A
Irregular, diffuse theta activity of low to medium voltage is the most common slow activity seen in patients on psychotropics.
3
Q
What are some other EEG patterns you may see in patients taking psychotropics?
A
Long trains of monorhythmic theta, most prominent over the frontal pole, frontal, and frontal midline areas.
You can also see FIRDA
4
Q
What kind of seizure has a clinical manifestation similar to decerebrate posturing?
A
Tonic seizures
5
Q
What is a factor that helps determine the difference in a burst suppression pattern as compared to a trace alternant pattern?
A
A trace alternant is part of a wake/sleep cycle and will change with time.
6
Q
What pattern is seen in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy?
A
10 to 16 hertz spikes
7
Q
What pattern is seen in Lennox-Gestalt Syndrome?
A
1 to 2.5 hertz generalized spike and wave
8
Q
What pattern is seen in benign focal epilepsy?
A
Focal spikes in drowsiness at C3 and T3
9
Q
What is a Nonepileptic Episodic Phenomena?
A
A condition which induces intermittent symptoms that resemble epilepsy. There are several types of nonepileptic episodic phenomena, some which are age-dependent.
Breath holding attacks are generally seen between 6 months and 6 years of age. The usual chain of events is that the child starts crying (often when angry or frustrated), stops breathing, becomes cyanotix, and loses consciousness. The child loses muscle tone and remains limp until normal breathing is restored.
10
Q
What is a choice of medication that is used to treat infantile spasms
A
Steroids
11
Q
When do the most dramatic EEG changes occur in neonates?
A
Between premature age and 1st 3 months of life.
12
Q
What is the term for persistence or reappearance of patterns with immature features?
A
Dysmaturity - which would indicate cerebral dysfunction
13
Q
What will you see in a neonate that is less that 29 wks CA?
A
Continuously discontinuous and bilaterally synchronous delta brush emerge at 26 weeks
14
Q
What will you see in a neonate at 29-31 weeks CA?
A
Greater periods of continuous activity, suppression periods les than 30 seconds. (Frequent delta brushes, temporal theta burst pattern)
15
Q
What will you see in a neonate this is 32-34 weeks CA?
A
EEG reactivity to stimulation established, periods of diffuse attenuation less than 15 seconds.
16
Q
What will you see in a neonate 34-37 weeks CA
A
Delta brushes appear less often and multifocal sharp transients less frequent (frontal sharp transients appear)
Pattern is replaced by trace alternant
17
Q
What will you see in a neonate after 38 weeks CA?
A
(Low voltage irregular “LVI”) in waking and active sleep,
(Mixed voltage “MV”) pattern in waking, transitional and active sleep
(High voltage slow “HVS”) in quiet sleep
(Trace alternant “TA”) in quiet sleep
18
Q
During neonatal seizures, the EEG is most likely to show?
A
Focal rhythmic activity
19
Q
When would SREDA most often appear?
A
Suddenly in resting EEG
20
Q
Where do most brain tumors occur in children?
A
Posterior fossa
21
Q
What are TSEs?
A
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies - a group of diseases consists of fatal neurological diseases that affect humans and animals
22
Q
What are PSWCs?
A
Periodic sharp wave complexes
23
Q
In new born infants, what percentage of sleep will you see in the record?
A
50% active sleep and sleep may start with active sleep directly from wakefulness
24
Q
After 4 months post term, what percentage of sleep will you see?
A
You will see 20-25% active sleep and will start seeing TA
25
What is papilledema
Is the optic disc swelling that is caused by ICP. the swelling is usually bilateral and can occur over a period of hours to week.
26
What is the optic chiasm
The X-shaped structure formed at the point below the brain where the two optic nerves cross over each other.
27
What is tuberous sclerosis?
I rare genetic disease that causes noncancerous tumors to grow in many parts of the body. The signs and symptoms of tuberous sclerosis vary widely, depending on where the tumors develop and how severely a person is affected.
28
What is jeavons syndrome?
A reflex syndrome of idiopathic generalized epilepsy, characterized by a triad of eyelid myoclonia with and without absences, eye-closure-induced seizures, EEG paroxysms,or both, and photosensitivity.
29
What is meningioma?
Usually a noncancerous tumor that arises from the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
A slow growing encapsulated typically benign tumor arising from the meninges.
30
What can cause wernicke-korsakoff syndrome?
Thiamine deficiency (vitamin B1 deficiency)
Wernike-korsakoff syndrome can cause visual changes, problems with walking, confusion, double vision, eyelids dropping, loss of memory.
31
What does atrophy mean?
To shrink
32
What is OPCA?
Olivopontocerebellar atrophy - a disease that causes areas deep in the brain, just above the spinal cord, to shrink. It can be passed down through families it can also affect people without a known family history.
Main symptom is ataxia that slowly gets worse, symptoms tend to start at a young age. They may also have problems with balance, slurring speech, and difficulty walking
33
What is an acoustic neuroma?
Is a slow growing benign tumor that arises on the VIII cranial nerve.
Symptoms: loss of balance, loss of hearing, feeling of fullness on the side effected.
Also know as vestibular schwannoma.
Can be treated my radiation or micro surgery
34
What is Tinnitus?
The perception of noise or ringing in the ears
35
Vestibular organ?
The structure composed of the utricle, saccule, and three semicircular ducts of the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear.
36
What kinda of medications should be documented?
Sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics, general anesthesia, and AED's
37
What is the voltage for rhythmic temporal theta in neonates?
25-120 uV and you should see this in neonates 24-34 weeks
It's typically symmetric, and maximal between 29 and 32 weeks
38
Anterior dysrhythmia
A normal pattern seen in neonates that first appears at 32 weeks and persists until 44 weeks PMA.
Consist of 50-100 uV pp delta waves which may occur in isolation or. Tied runs for a few seconds over the frontal regions.
39
Encoches Frontales
Similar to anterior dysrhythmia and the two are often admired over the frontal region.
Encoches frontales occur between 34 and 44 weeks PMA and consist of 50-100 uV, broad dip has UC transients (0.5-0.75 sec)
They are often present in transitional sleep and most abundant in the transition from active to quiet sleep.
40
Cerebral embolism
The sudden blockage of an artery due to a clot from and foreign material (embolus)
41
Hypoglycemia
Low blood sugar
42
At what age should you start seeing a PDR?
By 6 months
43
What age range is Mu rhythm more common in?
Adolescents and young adults.. less commonly seen in elderly and children
44
What is Spina bifida?
A birth defect in which a developing baby's spinal cord fails to develop properly.
45
What are extreme spindles?
Extreme high voltage (>200uV) generalized but anterior dominant fast activity appearing as continuous sleep spindles
Seen in children with mental retardation or cerebral palsy
46
What should the tech document if a neonate has a low-voltage or isoelectric EEG?
Knowledge of presence or absence of CNS depressants and hypothermia, both of which can lead to reversible isoelectricity.
47
What is BECOP?
Benign epilepsy of childhood with occipital paroxysms
48
What are sail waves?
An antiquated term for delta waves
49
In a broad sense, what does slow background activity and slow waves imply?
Cerebral dysfunction
50
In a broad sense what does paroxysmal slow activity imply?
Underlying seizure tendency
51
Is background activity less than 8hz during awake state normal or abnormal?
Abnormal, may be different for neonates
52
What would you see with a subdural hematoma?
Depressed background because of the distance to the electrode from the Cortez by the depressed cortex and increased impedance due to fluid collection
53
What is diffuse beta an indicator of?
An indicator that the patient is taking sedatives, hypnotics, anxiolytics
54
What is another reason you might see diffuse or localized beta?
May be seen in patients with gross anomalous brain such as lissencephaly or cortical dysplasia
55
What is polymorphic delta commonly associated with?
Focal brain dysfunction
56
IRDA usually indicates what?
Diffuse cerebral dysfunction
57
What is ADA?
Arhythmic delta activity
58
What is focal ADA a reliable indicator of?
Supratentorial lesion or dysfunction mainly involving white matter
59
What do focal theta slow waves imply?
Focal thetabslow waves have the same significance as focal ADA, but imply a lesser degree of severity.
60
The slower the frequency....
The greater the dysfunction
61
The slower the frequency....
The worst the cerebral function
62
What is it important for the technologist to record in an obtuned or semicomatose patient?
It is important for the tech to record at least a part of the EEG when the patient is at the highest level of consciousness; this may require stimulation in an attempt to arouse the patient.
63
What are leukodystrophies?
Disorders that cause degeneration of white matter in the brain.
64
What is PMR?
Photomyoclonic response
65
What is IED
Interictal epileptiform discharges
Attenuated in sleep
66
Dysplasia
the presence of cells of an abnormal type within a tissue, which may signify a stage preceding the development of cancer.
"a procedure to treat cervical dysplasia"
67
Foramen rotundum
The foramen rotundum is a circular hole in the sphenoid bone that connects the middle cranial fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa.
68
What is BECTS
Benign epilepsy of childhood with central midtemporal spikes
69
What are IGEs
Idiopathic generalized epilepsies
a group of epileptic disorders that are believed to have a strong underlying genetic basis.
70
What is a symptomatic epilepsy?
Symptomatic generalized epilepsy is caused by widespread brain damage
71
What is a cryptogenic epilepsy?
Cryptogenic means there is a likely cause, but it has not been identified.
72
What is another name for JME?
Myoclonc epilepsy of janz
73
What is LKS?
Landau - kleffner syndrome - also called infantile acquired aphasia, acquired epileptic aphasia or aphasia with convulsive disorder.
74
What is myoclonic epilepsy of janz
JME which is a common form of idiopathic generalized epilepsy, representing 5-10% of all epilepsy cases. Most patients also have generalized seizures that affect the entire brain and many also have absence seizures.
75
What is LGS
Lennox gestaut syndrome - a type of epilepsy with multiple different types of seizures, particularly tonic and atonic seizures. Intellectual development is usually, but not always, impaired.
76
What is RTTD?
Rhythmic temporal theta burst of drowsiness.
Normal finding in drowsy state. The temporal theta burst occur bilaterally or independently over the two hemispheres, or they show shifting emphases from side to side. It occurs predominantly during relaxed wakefulness and drowsiness and is seen mainly in adolescents and adults.
77
What is SREDA?
Subclinic rhythmic electrographic discharges in adults.
May occur at rest or during drowsiness, and occasionally occurs mainly during hyperventilation. Consist of mixed frequency components in the delta and theta frequency. SREDA usually occurs in widespread distribution with maximal amplitude over the parietal-posterior temporal head regions. The duration may range from 20 seconds to a few minutes. Average duration is 40-80 seconds. SREDA may have an abrupt onset in which the background activity is suddenly replaced by repetitive monophonic sharp waveforms.
78
What is CAD
Coronary artery disease: Impedance or blockage of one or more arteries that supply blood to the heart, usually due to atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). Abbreviated CAD. A major cause of illness and death, CAD begins when hard cholesterol substances (plaques) are deposited within a coronary artery.
79
What is TME?
Transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) is a rare sporadic disease that affects the central nervous system of ranch-raised mink. It is classified as a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy, believed to be caused by proteins called prions.
80
During an awake EEG, what consistent frequency is considered abnormally slow?
Anything less than 8hz during an awake EEG is abnormally slow.
Except in children less than 3 or 4 years old.
81
What can FIRDA, IRDA, and OIRDA denote?
Diffuse enecephalopathy
ORIDA seen in children with absence.
82
What is a locked in state?
Patient can't do anything, but move their eyes, and respond to commands with eyes.
Such as "open your eyes"
83
What is abulia and akinteic mutism
Patient is very slow and delayed, denotes a lesion of the frontal lobes
84
What is a persistent vegetative state?
Caused by diffuse cortical damage. Patients will appear wake, have sleep wake cycles, they can suck and chew, but can't eat. Will turn to stimuli.
85
What is stupor
Requires a lot of stimuli, otherwise they're not arousible at all.
86
GPD
Generalized periodic discharges
87
How many hertz in a sharp wave?
5-14hz
Duration = 70 - 200ms
88
How many hertz in a spike?
14-50hz
Duration = 20 - 70ms
89
When are you most likely going to see POSTS?
During drowsiness or stage 2 sleep
90
How do you calculate time constant?
Distance/paper speed
91
The substansia nigra is affected in what disorder?
Parkinsonism
92
A person with sensory aphasia will have difficulty doing what?
Comprehending the meaning of words or phrases
93
What can cause locked in syndrome?
Brainstem injury
94
What is the substantia nigra?
An area located in the midbrain &a plays a role in reward (dopamine) and movement.
95
What do you need to know if your calculating duration?
The width of the wave, which is measured in mm, and you have to know the paper speed.
Width of wave / paperspeed
96
How do you calculate frequency?
One second (1000 ms) / duration
97
How do you calculated duration?
One second (1000 ms) / frequency
98
What is the mnemonic for the cranial nerve functions
Some say marry money but my brother says big boobs matter most
99
Define an infarct
A small localized area of dead tissue resulting from failure of blood supply.
100
What can cause PLEDS?
Herpes simplex encephalitis, neoplastic lesions, brain abscess, CVA, & encephalitis
101
60mm/sec is how many seconds per page?
5 second / page
102
What could cause BIPLEDS
Anoxic encephalopathy, and herpes simplex encephalitis.
103
What is meningism?
Menigism is the triad of "nuchal rigidity, photophobia, & headache"
It is a sign of irritation of the meninges
104
What is scotoma?
Area visual loss.
Macular degeneration, taking place in the retina.
105
What will you see on an EEG with a patient that has CJD?
You will see biphasic and triphasic PSWC's every 1-2 seconds & a disorganized background.
106
30mm / sec is how many seconds per page?
10 seconds / page
107
What can cause alpha coma?
Cerebral anoxia, brainstem lesions, & drug overdose.
Poor prognosis for brainstem lesions & cerebral anoxia.
108
What is. Something you will see with classic triphasic waves?
60-120 msec phase lag
The occipital area will be as much as 120msec shifted from the anterior head region.
109
15mm / sec is how many seconds per page?
20 seconds / page
110
What is asphyxia
A condition arising when the body is deprived of oxygen, causing unconsciousness or death; suffocation
111
What are nosocomial infections?
Hospital acquired infection.
112
What effect will high levels of lithium have on the EEG.
Studies have showed that at levels exceeding 1.98, it produces diffuse theta and delta waves, and attenuates alpha.
113
What's the most prominent clinical feature of Dilantin toxicity?
Ataxia
114
Cerebral hypoxia
Oxygen deficiency to the brain
115
Hypocapnia
Reduced carbon dioxide in the blood
116
Neoplasm
an abnormal growth of tissue, and, when it also forms a mass, is commonly referred to as a tumor. This abnormal growth (neoplasia) usually but not always forms a mass.
117
What is anastomosis?
Anastomosis (an.ass.ta.moe.sis)
Is a cross connection between adjacent channels, tubes, fibers, or other parts of a network.
118
What is a stroke?
And interruption of blood flow to the brain.
119
What would make a Storke a CVA as opposed to and TIA?
CVA is more than 24 hours of interruption of blood flow and a TIA is less than 24 hours of interruption
120
What is an ischemic stroke?
And ischemic stroke can be caused by plaque which can rupture and create thrombosis, which results in and emboli, which can travel and go to the MCA
121
What is a hemorrhagic stroke?
When a vessel rupture and blood spills everywhere.
Hemorrhagic stroke usually occur and anterior cerebral communicating artery, posterior cerebral communicating, and branches of the middle cerebral and Beseler arteries.
122
Where do the vertebral arteries travel?
Travels up the neck through the transverse of foramen C1-6
123
What are the two main blood supplies of the brain?
The vertebrals, and the internal carotid
124
What do the pontines supply?
Pan teen supply the pons, The pond is part of the brainstem and your brain stem's function is to keep you alive. So if you have a pontine infarct, you may have a brainstem infarct.
125
What is the PCA?
Posterior cerebral artery
126
What is the motor cortex made up of?
The motor cortex is made up of gray matter.
127
Explain the homoncolus from inferior to superior
Head, hands, feet
128
How can a motor pathways be divided?
The motor pathways can be divided into two main pathways. The lateral pathway and the anterior medial pathway.
129
What is the lateral pathway responsible for?
The lateral pathway is responsible for voluntary movements
130
What is a tract?
A bundle of nerve fibers having a common origin, termination, and function and especially one with the spinal cord or brain.
131
What does the central nervous system consist of?
The CNS consist of the brainstem, cerebrum, and the spinal cord.
132
Where is the gray matter?
The cerebral cortex that covers the brain service is gray matter
133
Where is the white matter?
White matter is located underneath the cerebral cortex and outside at the Thalamus and basil ganglia
134
What are the frontal and parietal separated by?
The Rolandic fissure
135
What separates the parietal and frontal lobe from the temporal lobe?
The sylvian fissure.
136
What are the parietal and occipital lobe separated by?
The parietal-occipital Fissure.
137
What is motor aphasia?
When a person can understand what is being said to them, but cannot articulate the words back and express themselves. This is also known as brocas aphasia
138
What is sensory or receptive aphasia?
When a person can speak, but I cannot understand what is being said to them.
139
What is sensory Agnosis?
When a person can fill an object with the hand, but is unable to interpret or identified object.
140
What is visual agnosia?
When an object can be seen, but not recognized.
141
What is Alexia?
Unable to read lesion at the angular gyrus in the posterior parietal lobe.
142
What is agraphia?
Unable to write, due to a lesion in the angular gyrus in the posterior parietal lobe
143
What is astereognosis?
Unable to appreciate texture, size, and farm by touching objects, due to a lesion in the superior parietal lobe
144
What is apraxia?
Unable to perform for purposeful and learned acts such as driving a car, playing the piano, etc. Due to the legion of various associated cortex, especially at dominant hemispheres.
145
Define amnesia
Loss of memory, due to lesion at hippo campus.
146
What is Rasmussen' syndrome?
Rasmussen's syndrome aka rasmussen's encephalitis. Inflammation of one hemisphere of the brain. Inflamation may stop without treatment, but damage is irreversible. Rasmussen's syndrome is associated with intractable unilateral seizures, progressive hemiparesis or weakness on one side and intellectual dysfunction. Seizures are often the first symptom to appear.
Typically the onset is between 14 months and 14 years of age.
147
What is the medial lemniscus?
Also known as reil's band or reil's ribbon, is a large ascending bundle of heavily myelinated axons that cross "decussate" in the brain stem, also carries the ascending sensory fibers for proprioceptive and vibratory sensations.
148
Oculomotor and thochlear control what?
Eyes 👀
149
Trigeminal controls what?
Facial sensation & controls masticatory muscles 💪🏿 (chewing muscles) 😬
150
Abducens controls?
Eye movements 👁
151
What does the Facial nerve control?
Facial muscles
152
What does the Acoustic nerve control?
Receives hearing
153
What does the glossopharyngeal control?
Oropharyngeal muscles
154
What does the Spinal accessory control?
Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
155
What does the hypoglossal nerve control?
Tongue movements 👅
156
What does the vagus control?
Autonomic functions
157
What does the olfactory nerve control?
Smell 👃
158
What does the optic nerve control?
Sight 👀
159
Where is the cerebellum located?
The cerebellum is located in the posterior fossa
160
What will happen if a person damages one side of the cerebellar hemispheres?
Damage to one of the cerebellar hemispheres causes a disturbance of voluntary movements called ataxia on the same side of the body; the muscle group fails to work harmoniously, and the patient may have difficulty in picking up an object, writing, etc.
161
Explain the six major sinuses.
There are six major sinus is that collect venous drainage from the various veins.
Superior sagittal sinus
Inferior sagittal sinus
Straight sinus
occipital sinus
transverse sinus
sigmod sinus
162
Where do the six major sinuses join together?
All sinuses join together at Sigmod sinus, which connects the internal jugular vein, returning venous blood to the heart.
163
What is the anterior system?
The carotid system
164
What is the posterior system?
The vertebrobasilar system.
165
What is the aorta
The aorta is attached to the heart and receives blood directly from the left ventricle a.k.a. the main pumping chamber.
166
What are the four parts of the aorta?
The ascending aorta
Aortic arch
Thoracic aorta
The abdominal aorta
167
How many vertebrae in the neck?
7 cervical vertebrae
168
How many vertebrae in the back?
12 thoracic vertebrae in the upper back.
169
How many vertebrae in the lower back.
5 lumbar vertebrae in the lower back.
170
What is sciatic neuritis?
Pain radiating along the sciatic nerve, which runs down one or both legs from the lower back.
171
What is radciulopathy?
A disease of the root of a nerve, such as from a pinched nerve or a tumor.
172
What is PICA?
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery.
Also supplies the lateral service of the medulla oblongata
173
What does the basil ganglia consist of?
Globus pallidus
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Subthalamus
Substantia nigra
174
What is Ménière's disease
An inner ear disorder that causes episodes of vertigo
175
What is vertigo
Sensation of feeling off balance; a dizzy spell.
176
What are jackknife seizures?
Arms fling out as the knees are pulled up and the body bends forward.
These are normally associated with west syndrome.
177
What are TWs?
Triphasic waves (>70 uV), positive sharp transients that are preceded and followed by negative waves of relatively lower amplitude.
They are diffuse and bilaterally synchronous with bifrontal predominance. They often repeat periodically at a rate of 1-2 Hz.
178
What are TWEs?
Triphasic wave encephalopathy, associated with a wide range of toxic, metabolic, and structural abnormalities.
179
What is Clouding of consciousness?
a very mild form of altered mental status in which the patient has inattention and reduced wakefulness.
180
What is Confusional state?
a more profound deficit that includes disorientation, bewilderment, and difficulty following commands.
181
What is Obtundation?
Obtundation is a state similar to lethargy in which the patient has a lessened interest in the environment, slowed responses to stimulation, and tends to sleep more than normal with drowsiness in between sleep states.
182
What is FAS?
Fetal alcohol syndrome
183
What is FAE
Fetal Alcohol Effects
184
What is Medial temporal lobe epilepsy
Medial temporal lobe epilepsy often begins within a structure of the brain called the hippocampus or its surrounding structures. It accounts for almost 80% of all temporal lobe seizures.
185
What is static encephalopathy?
Prenatal exposure to drugs and alcohol can cause this..
Static Encephalopathy, as defined by Easter Seals: "Permanent or unchanging brain damage. The effects on development depend on the part of the brain involved and on the severity of the damage. Developmental problems may include any of a range of disabilities such as cerebral palsy, learning disabilities, mental retardation, autism, PDD, speech delays, attention deficits, hearing & vision impairments, oral motor problems, etc." Find out more about Static Encepahlopathy and related neurological disabilities at Easter Seals.
186
What are posterior nerve root functions?
Posterior nerve root carries sensory information and enters the posterior part of the spinal cord
187
What is the anterior nerve roots function?
The anterior nerve root carries motor root information & exits from the anterior part of the spinal cord.
188
What is PDS?
Paroxysmal depolarization shift.
This is seen in epileptic condition; cortical neurons change dramatically as the membrane potential changes from a resting state to sustained depolarization, thereby producing a group of action potentials.
The sustained depolarization is the slow wave you see during spike and wave complexes.
189
What pattern will you see in a neonate that is a moment of quiescence and <25 uV?
Trace discontinu
Trace discontinu is an important EEG maturational milestone, inasmuch as it is the first EEG pattern to emerge that differentiates wakefulness from sleep in the premature infant. By 32-34 weeks conceptional age, the trace discontinu pattern is well developed.
Trace discontinu remains the EEG pattern of quite sleep until 36 weeks of conceptional age, when the IBI amplitude exceeds 25 uV, which defines the more mature pattern of quite sleep, trace alternant.
190
What is IBI?
Inter-burst interval
191
You see ____ from 32-34 weeks CA & you see _____ from 34-36 weeks CA.
Trace discontinu from 32-34 weeks CA and trace alternant from 34-36 weeks CA
192
What is hypotonia?
commonly known as floppy baby syndrome, is a state of low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to stretch in a muscle), often involving reduced muscle strength.
193
What is the difference between trace discontinu and trace alternant?
The fundamental distinction between Trace discontinu and trace alternant lies in the amplitude of the IBI.
In trace discontinu, it is less than 25 µV, whereas in trace alternant is greater than 25 µV.
194
What is CSWS
Continuous slow wave sleep
195
When should you stop seeing trace alternant?
By 38 to 40 weeks
196
What is DCML?
Posterior column–medial lemniscus pathway
a sensory pathway of the central nervous system that conveys localized sensations of
fine touch
vibration
two-point discrimination
proprioception (position sense) from the skin and joints.
197
What is Proprioception?
The bodies ability to recognize where it is in space and time.
198
When two waves are mixed in frequency what do you call the higher frequency and the lower frequency?
The higher frequency multiple is called the harmonic frequency
The lower frequency is called the fundamental frequency, occasionally called the subharmonic
199
How is the amplifier gain measured?
Mm/uV
The gain is the strength of an EEG signal. One reasonable way to describe the gain of an EEG would be to quote how many millimeters Kt can make an EEG pen deflect for each microvolt (mm/uV)
200
What is craniosynostosis?
Craniosynostosis is a congenital anomaly caused by early closure of one or more of these sutures, resulting in limited or distorted head grown. Craniosynostosis is also called synostosis or cranial stenosis
201
What does neuralgia mean?
A neuropathic pain
202
What is the basic unit for measuring current flow?
Ampere
203
What is a normal or near normal background activity a characteristic of?
Normal or near normal background activity is characteristic of idiopathic epilepsy.
204
What is slowing of background activity or multifocal epileptiform activity suggestive of?
Slowing of background activity or multifocal epileptiform activity is suggestive of symptomatic epilepsy.
205
What is the anterior lateral system? (ALS)
The ALS is Aka the spinothalamic tract. Another ascending sensory pathway that deals with pain and temperature. Travels up the spine to the thalamus and then to sensory strip.
206
What will acute IV administration of benzodiazepines and barbiturates do to an EEG and IED's?
Benzodiazepines and barbiturates consistently decrease IED's
207
What will Valproate do to an EEG?
Valproate suppresses generalized spike-wave burst and photoparoxysmal response.
208
Normal or near-normal background activity is a characteristic of what?
Idiopathic epilepsy
209
Slowing of background activity or multifocal epileptiform activity is suggestive of what?
Symptomatic epilepsy
210
When do rolandic spikes tend to decrease?
Rolandic spikes tend to decrease progressively with age an eventually disappear by the midteen years
211
Are Rolandic discharges usually unilateral or bilateral?
Rolandic discharges are usually unilateral, but one third of the patients have bilateral independent foci.
212
What are SIRPIDS?
Stimulus-induced rhythmic, periodic, or ictal discharges.
When critically ill (stupor or comatose) patients display ictal discharges after external stimuli.
213
What will you see on an EEG with a patient that has SSPE?
Periodic discharges consisting of generalized multiphasic high-voltage slow waves, often associated with sharp components and myoclonic jerks.
214
What kind of effect would you see on the EEG if a patient is taking clozapine?
Diffuse slowing
215
What will you see if a patient is taking phenytoin?
Diffuse slow waves in the data range
216
What kind of patterns do you see in neonate EEGs in contrast to adult and adolescent EEGs?
You will see a lot of discontinues patterns and irregular frequencies
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What is cephalgia?
A distinctive syndrome of headaches, also known as cluster headache or migraine is neuralgia.
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What is Tay Sachs disease?
A disease that presents with an acoustic startle response within the first few months of life:
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What is another name for Dilantin? And what will you see on the EEG when medication is at toxic levels?
Phenytoin, and at toxic levels you will see diffuse slowing in the theta range.
220
Which of the following medications can commonly cause increased theta and beta activity at therapeutic doses?
Antidepressants
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What will happen if the basilar artery is occluded?
An occlusion of the basilar artery at the junction of the two posterior cerebral arteries will result in total blindness, as the posterior cerebral attired supply the visual cortex
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What is leukocytosis?
High white blood cell count
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What are GPED's?
Generalized periodic epileptic discharges
