EEG and sleep

Question 1

Where is the main clock of the body located?

Answer 1

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of hypothalamus

Question 2

2 Genes that create the circadian rhythm by increasing transcription and translation of other genes in the SCN

Answer 2

• Clock (CLK)

- BMAL1

Question 3

What time of day does BMAL increase?

Answer 3

night

Question 4

What genes do BMAL1 and CLK increase which then feedback and inhibit BMAL1 and CLK

Answer 4

• Period (per 1-3)

- Cryptochrome gene (Cry 1 and 2)

Question 5

When an individual has a stongly set circadian rhythm that is off then what gene is mutated?

Answer 5

clock

Question 6

On its own, the SCN creates a day that is how long

Answer 6

25 hours

Question 7

What tract helps us match our activity with Daytime

Answer 7

retino-hypothalamic tract

Question 8

Does the retino-hypothalamic tract use the visual cortex?

Answer 8

NO

Question 9

What neurotransmitter is released in the hypothalamus due to DAYTIME from the retino-hypothalamic tract (ENTRAINMENT)?

Night?

Answer 9

Glutamate

melatonin

Question 10

EEG when awake

Answer 10

low amplitude high frequency

Question 11

what happens to EEG when first go to sleep

Answer 11

amplitude initially goes even lower than when awake and then it also starts to slow down

Question 12

what happens to EEG as you have been asleep for a while

Answer 12

Larger amplitude and much slower

Question 13

Dreams that are boring and rehashing the events of the day

Answer 13

non-REM

Question 14

EEG of REM sleep

Answer 14

low amplitude high frequency. very much like wakefulness

Question 15

Vivid dreams that don’t really happen

Answer 15

REM sleep

Question 16

Homeostatic need for sleep triggers what type of sleep?

Answer 16

NREM

Question 17

circadian clock itself triggers what type of sleep?

Answer 17

REM

Question 18

What area of hypothalmus is crucial for sleep induction

Answer 18

ventral preoptic area (VPO)

Question 19

homeostatic need for sleep is tied to accumulation of what?

Answer 19

adenosine

Question 20

what in the blood leads to an increase in adenosine in CSF

Answer 20

PGD2

Question 21

What receptor in VPO binds adensine?

Answer 21

A2a

Question 22

What things other than adenosine trigger tiredness in the VPO?

Answer 22

• IL-1b and TNF-alpha (SICK)

- GHRH (growing)

Question 23

pathway of sleepiness in the VPO triggered by IL-1, TNF, and GHRH?

Answer 23

NF-kappa-b –> NO synthase –>NO

Question 24

part of brain responsible for initiation of REM sleep

Answer 24

lateral pontine tegmentum

Question 25

_______ neurons from the lateral pontine tegmentum release ______ in the _____?

Answer 25

cholinergic Ach Geniculate body

Question 26

After stimulation from the lateral pontine tegmentum, the geniculate body then sends input where?

Answer 26

occipital cortex

Question 27

What causes muscle paralysis during REM sleep?

Answer 27

Locus ceruleus sends inhibitory input to alpha-motorneurons

Question 28

What muscles are spared by the paralysis causes by locus ceruleus?

Answer 28

diaphragm and small muscle groups

Question 29

the _____ induces arousal by releasing ______. These then travel to the ______ which releases ______. This then travels to the ______ which releases _______ and suppresses REM sleep.

Answer 29

lateral hypothalamus Orexin A and B (hypocretin 1 and 2) tuberomamillary nucleus Histamine Locus ceruleus Norepinephrine

Question 30

If you see a general or repeated pattern in an EEG then what is often going on?

Answer 30

a pathological process

Question 31

alpha waves

Answer 31

``` low amplitude (50) high frequency (8-13hz) ```

Question 32

quiet wakefulness (thinking) with eyes CLOSED

Answer 32

alpha

Question 33

area of prevalence of Alpha waves

Answer 33

occipital cortex

Question 34

when do alpha waves disappear

Answer 34

sleep

Question 35

what do alpha waves require?

Answer 35

connection b/t thalamus and cortex (basically awake)

Question 36

Beta waves

Answer 36

``` lower amplitude (<50) higher frequency (14-80-Hz) ```

Question 37

occur during alert wakefulness. eyes OPEN

Answer 37

Beta waves

Question 38

What happens when you open your eyes but you have been awake the whole time?

Answer 38

Alpha block or alerting response. beta waves begin

Question 39

where are beta waves most prevalent

Answer 39

frontal cortex

Question 40

When would you likely see gamma waves?

Answer 40

if you are planning a motor response

Question 41

What part of the brain may the gamma waves require?

Answer 41

hippocampus

Question 42

Theta waves

Answer 42

big (100) | slow (4-7 Hz)

Question 43

Theta waves in children? Adults?

Answer 43

normal frustration and disappointment Also occur during sleep

Question 44

what part of brain for theta waves?

Answer 44

hippocampus

Question 45

Delta waves

Answer 45

Biggest (100-200) | Slowest (<3.5 Hz)

Question 46

When are Delta waves seen?

Answer 46

Deep sleep and in infants

Question 47

if you see Delta waves during wakefulness then what is happening?

Answer 47

Serious organic brain disease . . maybe vegetative state

Question 48

Do Delta waves need connection between thalamus and cortex?

Answer 48

NO

Question 49

What can decrease frequency of alpha rhythm?

Answer 49

- hypoglycemia - Low body temp - Low adrenal glucocorticoids - high PaCO2

Question 50

First sleep cycle at night

Answer 50

70-100 minutes short REM

Question 51

Later sleep cycles at night

Answer 51

90 minutes but less time in Deep sleep and more in REM

Question 52

Describe the sleep cycle in children

Answer 52

more time in REM, deep sleep, and total sleep time

Question 53

sleep cycle in elderly

Answer 53

-fewer REM episodes -almost NO deep sleep -more frequent awakenings -less total sleep time but more likely to nap -

Question 54

When are sleep spindles most prominent

Answer 54

N2

Question 55

K complexes

Answer 55

N2

Question 56

What type of sleep do you wake up from?

Answer 56

REM