EENT

Question 1

The process whereby light rays are bent when they pass from a medium of one density into a medium of a different density - except when they strike perpendicular to the surface

Answer 1

Refraction

Question 2

Any light that enters from a point more than 20 feet away is considered ________

Answer 2

Parallel

Question 3

Any light that enters from a point less than 20 feet away is considered _______

Answer 3

Diverging

Question 4

If the light enters parallel, it is refracted to a point known as the ____________ behind the lens. It is the line that passes through the center of the curvature of the lens (____________)

Answer 4

Principle focus; principle axis

Question 5

The process whereby the zonular fibers tighten (contract) and pull the lens to “__________” going from a far focus to a near focus

Answer 5

Accommodation

Question 6

Zonular fibers ________ as the lens flattens for distance vision

Answer 6

Relax

Question 7

A visual problem that is usually caused by your eyeball being a little too short; problems reading or seeing closer objects clearly; AKA foresightedness

Answer 7

Hyperopia

Question 8

Hyperopia aka foresightedness can be corrected with what type of lenses?

Answer 8

Convex

Question 9

The clinical opposite of hyperopia, aka nearsightedness. The result of the eye being a little too long; trouble seeing things in the distance

Answer 9

Myopia

Question 10

Myopia aka nearsightedness is corrected with what type of lenses?

Answer 10

Biconcave

Question 11

A defect in the curvature in the cornea. The cornea is not uniform in shape and this causes light to be refracted to different areas of focus so that part of the image is blurred

Answer 11

Astigmatism

Question 12

Astigmatism can be corrected with what type of lenses

Answer 12

Cylindrical - they equalize the refraction in all meridians

Question 13

Result of loss of accommodation; considered a normal aging process. This generally occurs in individuals by about the age of 40. Makes reading and close work difficult

Answer 13

Presbyopia

Question 14

What type of lenses correct presbyopia?

Answer 14

Convex lenses that magnify close objects

Question 15

Defect caused when the visual images do not fall on the same corresponding areas of each retina; causes a wandering eye otherwise known as being “cross-eyed.” This misalignment can occur in one or both eyes and results in them turning either inward, outward, upward, or downward.

Answer 15

Strabismus

Question 16

A second-order neuron in the visual pathway which transmits signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells; hyperpolarizing, depolarizing

Answer 16

Bipolar cells

Question 17

Third-order neurons in the visual pathway; converge to exit the eye as the optic nerve

Answer 17

Ganglion cells

Question 18

Connect receptor cells to the other receptor cells; hyperpolarizing

Answer 18

Horizontal cells

Question 19

These cells connect ganglion cells to one another; depolarizing

Answer 19

Amacrine cells

Question 20

Refers to clarity of vision or sharpness of vision; a person’s ability to see small details

Answer 20

Visual acuity

Question 21

Color vision is mediated by __________ cells

Answer 21

Ganglion

Question 22

Ipsilateral contraction; when light enters a pupil it constricts

Answer 22

(Direct) pupillary light reflex

Question 23

Constriction of the pupil on the opposite side (contralateral constriction)

Answer 23

Consensual light reflex

Question 24

Double vision

Answer 24

Diplopia

Question 25

Half-blindness

Answer 25

Hemianopia

Question 26

Same side of both visual fields

Answer 26

Homonymous

Question 27

Opposite sides of the visual fields

Answer 27

Heteronymous

Question 28

Gradual hearing loss associated with aging. Likely due to gradual cumulative loss of hair cells and neurons

Answer 28

Presbycusis

Question 29

Impaired sound transmission in the external or middle ear and impacts all sound frequencies

Answer 29

Conductive Hearing Loss

Question 30

Problems arise in the middle ear; most commonly the result of loss of cochlear hair cells but can also be due to problems with cranial nerve 8 or within the central auditory pathway; impairs the ability to hear certain pitches, while other pitches can be heard

Answer 30

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Question 31

Conductive and sensorineural hearing loss can be differentiated in the clinic by using a combination of the _______ & ______ tests.

Answer 31

Weber & Rinne

Question 32

Test that measures bone conduction

Answer 32

Weber

Question 33

Test that measures the ratio of air to bone conduction

Answer 33

Rinne

Question 34

What is the function of the auditory cortex?

Answer 34

to process sound, volume, and pitch

Question 35

Orientation in space depends on input from....(4 answers)

Answer 35

1. Vestibular receptors 2. Visual cues 3. Proprioceptor impulses from joint capsules 4. Impulses from cutaneous exteroceptors

Question 36

What type of receptors are taste and smell?

Answer 36

Chemoreceptors and Exteroceptors

Question 37

Small area located in the roof of the nasal cavity containing 10-20 million bipolar olfactory neurons interspersed with sustentacular and basal stem cells

Answer 37

Olfactory epithelium

Question 38

Where the axons of olfactory sensory neurons contact the primary dendrites of the mitral and tufted cells to form synaptic units called olfactory glomeruli; also contains periglomerular cells

Answer 38

Olfactory bulbs

Question 39

Inhibitory neurons connecting one glomerulus to another

Answer 39

Periglomerular cells

Question 40

Where are taste buds located? (4)

Answer 40

Taste buds are ovoid bodies located in the mucosa of the epiglottis, palate, and pharynx, and in the walls of the papillae of the tongue.

Question 41

What are the 4 distinct types of cells located within each taste bud?

Answer 41

Basal cells, dark cells, light cells, intermediate cells

Question 42

Activated by G protein linked receptors; natural sugars such as sucrose in synthetic sweeteners act via different receptors on gustducin

Answer 42

Sweet

Question 43

Triggered by H+ ions; ENaCs permit the entry of protons and may contribute to the sensation of this taste. H+ ions can also bind to and block a potassium sensitive channel - the fall in potassium permeability can depolarize the membrane

Answer 43

Sour

Question 44

Produced by a variety of unrelated compounds; many are poisons and this taste serves as a warning to avoid them. Some compounds bind to and block potassium selective channels. G protein linked receptors also play a role with _____ substances such as strychnine

Answer 44

Bitter

Question 45

Triggered by NaCl; mediated by a sodium selective channel known as ENaC. Entry of sodium into the receptor depolarizes the membrane generating the receptor potential

Answer 45

Salt

Question 46

Taste due to activation of a truncated glutamate receptor MgluR4. It's unclear how activation of the receptor produces depolarization. Glutamate in food may also activate ionotropic glutamate receptors to depolarize the umami receptors

Answer 46

Umami

Question 47

What is the stimulus for the labyrinth righting reflex?

Answer 47

Tilting of the head

Question 48

What is the response of the labyrinth righting reflex?

Answer 48

Compensatory contraction of the neck muscles to keep the head level

Question 49

What is the response of the labyrinth righting reflex?

Answer 49

Compensatory contraction of the neck muscles to keep the head level

Question 50

Sudden jerky movements that occur as the gaze shifts from one object to another

Answer 50

Saccades

Question 51

Tracking movements of the eye as they following moving objects

Answer 51

Smooth pursuit movement

Question 52

Adjustments that occur in response to stimuli initiated in the semicircular canals, maintain visual sensation as the head moves

Answer 52

Vestibular movements

Question 53

Bring the visual axes toward each other as attention is focused on objects near the observer

Answer 53

Convergence movements

Question 54

Acute bacterial conjunctivitis is often caused by

Answer 54

Gram-positive bacteria such as staph, haemophilus, strep, and moraxella