Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Test 1 PC2 > EENT > Flashcards

EENT Flashcards

(120 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Pregnancy related gingivitis

A

immunosupression

hormone changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

bacterial plaque

A

leads to periodontitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

dental carries develop

A

oral bacterial and carbs interact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

oral radiographs

A

not contraindicated in pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Abx ok in pregnancy

A

PCN
Amox
Cephalexin
EES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Target INR for elderly dental care

A

1.8-2.5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

major barriers to elderly dental care

A

insurance coverage bc medicare does not cover

decreased brushing times due to physical ability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

signs of dental pain in elderly

A 
pulling at face
not eating
agitation
ulceration
cheek swelling
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

normal mouth changes with aging

A

teeth darken

enamel thins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

normal tongue changes with aging

A

fissuring
mucosal thinning
subligual varicosities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

peridontal disease and DM

A

worsens it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

can reduce pneumonia with

A

good dental care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

rheumatoid arthritis and dental disease

A

there is a relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Xerostomia

A

dry mouth

from meds of Sjogrens syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Chiasm lesions of the eye

A

cause tunnel vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

occiptal lesions

A

spare the macula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The most posterior the lesion in the visual tract

A

the more the right and left eye see the same thing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Optic neuritis

A 
younger
dx with MRI
central vision blurring
bad color vision
Tx with IV steroids not oral
mirrors MS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Ischemic Optic Neuropathy

A

middle age
loss of vision suddenly
“disk at risk”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Temporal Arteritis

A 
elderly
inflammation of arteries
r/t polymyalgia rheumatica
sudden vision loss
Tx steroids
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Horners Syndrome

A

loss of sympathetic response

pupils constrict

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Adies

A

loss or parasympathetic response

pupils dilate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Lens 2 major fx

A

focusing on visible light rays of fovea

preventing damaging UV radiation for retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

congenital cataract

A

present at birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Tinnitus definition
perception of abnormal ear/head noises intermittent, cont, pulsatile with or without hearing loss
26
Tinnitus risk factors
``` hearing loss labyrinthitis Meniere's Otitis media blockage of canal anemia high or low bp thyroid dysfx allergies chronic noise exposure ```
27
Meds causing reversible tinnitus
salicylates quinine alcohol Indomethacin
28
Meds causing irreversible tinnitus
kanamycin streptomycin gentamicin vanco
29
Subjective tinnitus
buzzing, ringing, humming running water roaring/musical sound affects life style
30
HPI tinnitus
``` sleep disruption depression ear pain or drainage changes in hearing trauma vertigo metabolic probs HTN ear surgeries autoimmune disease (limes, MS) ```
31
Objective tinnitus
``` vitals eyes ears nose TMJ neck for bruit neck/cervical spine cranial nerves ```
32
Diff Dx tinnitus
``` cardiovascular anemia anxiety presbycusis acoustic neuroma atherosclerosis labryinthitis menieres trauma chronic otitis media ```
33
Acoustic neuroma defined
hearing loss and tinnitus accompanied by vertigo, facial paralysis, HA, N/V, papilledema
34
Meniere's defined
inner ear disorder with recurrent vertigo and fluctuating hearing loss aural fullness
35
Diagnostics of tinnitus
``` CBC CMP TSH. T4 vascular studies MRI CT tympanometry ```
36
Tx for tinnitus
``` not specific tx if underlying infection treat play background music stop smoking decrease caffeine, chocolate and salt intake avoid fatigue ```
37
Meds that can help with vertigo
Nortriptyline (Elavil) 50mg at HS Meclizine (Antivert) Diazepam (Vallium) Tricyclic antidepressants
38
Vertigo defined
cardinal symptoms of vestibular disease sensation of motion when there is none exaggerated sense of motion
39
Vertigo subjective
``` room spinning/weaving N/V tinnitus hearing loss lightheadedness sensation of falling ```
40
Vertigo objective
``` eyes, ears Romberg to r/o cerebellular gait nystagmus heal to toe walking Baranay maneuver ```
41
Vertigo Dx
``` CBC, CMP, TSH, glucose to rule out B12 r/o pernicious anemia Serum med levels for toxicity CT/MRI if neurological dysfx syphilis screen ```
42
Diff Dx Vertigo
``` acostic neuroma Menieres benign positional vertigo CVA TIAs vestibular neuritis acute labyrinthitis med toxicity ```
43
Tx Vertigo
``` Diazepam 2.5-5mg IM for acute attack meclizine 25mg q6 dramamine 25-50mg q6 scopalamine transdermal antimetics ```
44
Chronic sinusitis
sinus infection lasting longer than 3 months 5th most common disease treated with abx especially from air pollutants
45
Risk factors for chronic sinusitis
allergic rhinitis anatomic obstruction immunologic disorders
46
4 paranasal sinuses
frontal ethmoid maxillary sphenoid
47
Sinusitis patho
``` stasis of mucous obstruction mucosal edema acute = aerobic chronic = anaerobic mixed flora with chronic ```
48
Sinusitis Subjective
``` no fever nasal stuffiness nasal discharge postnasal drip facial fullness, discomfort, HA malaise unproductive cough dental pain visual disturbances food has no taste ```
49
Sinusitis Objective
``` percuss frontal and maxillary sinuses eyes for conjunctival congestion ears for inflammation lymphadenopathy heart lungs abdominal exam ```
50
Sinusitis diagnostics
``` culture cbc with sed rate allergy testing coronal CT scan MRI for complex cases ```
51
Sinusitis Diff dx
``` Reflux allergic rhinitis acute sinusitis TMJ asthma nasal and sinus tumors nasal polyps dental infections ```
52
Sinusitis Tx
Abx nasal steroids decongestants saline nasal sprays
53
Sinusitis Abx
Clinda 150-450 PO q 6 Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (Bactrum) Moxifloxacin (Avelox) 400mg Daily treat initially 2-4 weeks
54
Complications of chronic sinusitis
orbital cellulitis sinus thrombosis brain abscess/meningitis
55
Cataracts defined
partial or complete opacity of the lens crystalline congenital or acquired leading cause of preventable blindness in adults increases with age
56
Acquired cataracts
Traumatic: UV rays, foreign bodies, scratches Secondary: retinal dystrophy/detachment, glaucoma, atrophy of iris, neoplasia, medications Metabolic: DM, Wilson's disease, hypoparathyroid
57
Cataract patho
degeneration and atrophy of epithelium lens filter fragmentation crystal deposits of calcium and cholesterol
58
Cataract Subjective
``` decrease in vision constant fog rings or halos around lights enhanced glare with night driving altered color perception painless unilateral or bilateral ```
59
Cataract Objective
decreased visual acuity strabismus lens opacity or white plaque-like opacities disruption of or absent red reflex or black dots surrounded by red reflex
60
Cataract dx
visual acuity with snellen chart | slit-lamp exam
61
Cataract diff dx
``` macular degeneration retinal detachment diabetic retinopathy rethinoblastoma glaucoma ```
62
Cataract plan
refer to opthalmologist can have lens implant frequent changes if glasses if no surgery
63
Glaucoma defined
increased IOP from disruption of aqueous fluid circulation | one or both eyes resulting in optic nerve damage with loss of visual acuity
64
Glaucoma etiology
inadequate drainage of aqueous fluid in anterior change of eye primary are genetically influenced secondary are from ocular disease or trauma
65
2 types of Glaucoma
chronic open angle (wide angle) | acute angle closure (closed or narrow angle)
66
Chronic open angle glaucoma incidence
``` most common seen over age 40 black family hx diabetes is a risk factor ```
67
Acute angle closure glaucoma incidence
family history african american and asians 55-75 years females precipitated by stress, anxiety and medications (atropeen, nasal decongestants, anticholinergics)
68
Glaucoma Patho
intraocular pressure maintained by balance between inflow and outflow of aqueous humor pressure builds up with improper aqueous humor flow causes optic nerve damage
69
Chronic open angle subjective
``` asymptomatic mid-peripheral vision affected freq changes in glasses central vision loss late sign gradual vision loss ultimate blindness ```
70
Acute angle closure subjective
``` rapid onset acute, severe pain N/V photophobia blurred vision halos unilateral frontal HA tearing erythema ```
71
Chronic open angle objective
``` initially asymptomatic slight cupping of optic disc asymmetry or eyes visual fields constrict central vision ok until late IOP >21mm Hg ```
72
Acute angle closure objective
``` lid edema eye red pupid mod dilated and fixed cornea is steamy, cloudy hard eye to palpation IOP >50mm Hg ```
73
Glaucoma dx
Tonometry normal 10-20mm Hg Screen anyone >40 every 2-5 yrs and those with DM Open angle 30-50mm Hg Closed angle 40-90mm Hg
74
Glaucoma diff dx
``` acute uveitis conjunctivitis ocular traum coroneal disorders neuro disease ```
75
Glaucoma plan
Refer Prostaglandin analogs Beta blockers oral carconic anhydrase inhibitors
76
Prostaglandin analogs
``` Latanoprost Blimatoprost Tracoprost 1st line therapy 1gtt daily HS S/E blurred vision, dry eyes, itching, increased eye lash growth, eyelid hyperpigmentation ```
77
Beta blockers
Timolol 0.25% BID no in RAD or CHF decreases aqueous production
78
Oral carconic anhydrase inhibitors
acetasolamide reduces aqueous production give IV to immediately lower pressure then 250mg PO qid
79
Caution with glaucoma
avoid OTC cold preparations that may exacerbate glaucoma
80
Macular degeneration defined
progressive deterioration of the macula of the retina and choroid of the eye r/t decreased blood supply to sensitive nerve endings onset age 65 leading cause of permanent visual loss in elderly white female smoker
81
Macular degeneration subjective
``` dark central vision distorted central vision size distortion gradually worsens "hole punched in center of visual field" no pain ```
82
Macular degeneration objective
Two types: atrophic dry and neovascular wet Dry: yellow deposits, atrophy and degeneration of outer retina, gradual progression Wet: serous fluid, hemorrhage, fibrosis, rapid and severe in onset, most common
83
Macular degeneration Dx
fluorescein angiography | amsler grid
84
Macular degeneration plan
``` vit c vit e beta carotene zinc oxide copper ```
85
Hearing loss defined
diminished ability to detect pure tones in decibels of 30 or > may be conductive or sensorineural or mixed
86
Conduction hearing loss patho
``` decreased ability to conduct sound from external to inner ear cerumen foreign body otitis media otosclerosis cholesteotoma ```
87
Sensorineural hearing loss patho
``` impaired transmission of sound through nervous system acoustic neuroma Meniere's excessive noise syphillis CNS med toxicity ```
88
Conductive loss subjective
hard to detect low tones and vowels | pt speaks softly
89
Sensorineural loss subjective
impaired high tones poor speech discrimination difficulty with background noise pt speaks loudly
90
Hearing loss Dx
``` Whisper test tuning fork audiometry mild loss 20-40 dB mod loss 40-60 dB severe loss 60-80 dB CT or MRI to detect tumors ```
91
Weber test
tuning fork placed on forehead | with conduction loss test lateralizes to affect ear, with sensorineuroal loss lateralizes to unaffected year.
92
Rinne test
tuning fork placed altern on mastoid bone and in from of ear. with conduction loss test abnormal in affected ear with sensorineural loss test normal in affected ear
93
Persistent acute OM
persistent features of infection during abx or relapse within 6 days of tx completion
94
Recurrent AOM
3 or more in 6 months or 4 or more in 1 year
95
Chronic otits media with effusion
persistent fluid behind TM
96
Chronic suppurative otitis media
persistent inflammation with otorrhea
97
Otits media Subjective < 3
``` URI irritability fever night waking poor feeding conjuctivits balance trouble ```
98
Otitis media Subjective >3
``` earache drainage hearing loss ear popping ear fullness dizziness ```
99
Watch and Wait Otitis Media
low risk child 6mo-2 yrs ( does not attend day care, no infection in last month) observe 48-72 hrs
100
Always give Abx with OM
younger than 6 months 6 months - 2 years if Dx is certain Amox 80-90mg/kg/day
101
Use Alt to amox if
failure to respond resistant organism coexisting illness
102
Abx Alt to Amoxil with OM
``` Cefdinir (omnicef) Cefpodoxime cefuroxime (Ceftin Azithro Clarithromycin Clinda Ceftriazone (Rocephin) ```
103
Ceftriazone use for OM
``` Rocephin 50mg/kg/day x 3 days IM used if failure of oral pts with PCN allergy can cause vomiting ```
104
Not recommended for OM
Trimethoprim Clarithromycin Erythromycin
105
Tx Resistant AOM
pain/fever after 3-5 days therapy | second abx chosen
106
Tx Persistent AOM
Begin therapy with 2nd Abx course | observation may be considered if mild
107
Children at increased risk for recurrent AOM
``` cleft palate downs first episode < 6 months day care attendance tobacco exposure not breast fed eskimo or native american ```
108
Otitis Media with Effusion defined
middle ear inflammation with effusion without symptoms of fever, pain and infection
109
OM with effusion subjective
``` ear rubbing trouble sleeping balance problems delayed speech signs of hearing loss ear pain, popping problems with school performance ```
110
Tx OM with effusion
typically resolves in 3-4 months treat if high risk antihistamines and decongestants not beneficial nasal steroids follow up children >2 yrs seen q3-6 months
111
Chronic Suppurative OM defined
``` perforated TM with persistent drainage from middle ear consequence of recurrent AOM p. aeruginosa proteus species staphylococcus aureus mixed anaerobic ```
112
Suppurative OM subjective
drainage deny pain hearing loss in affected ear consider cholesteatoma
113
Suppurative OM objective
``` purulent d/c perfed TM thickened granular mucosa conductive hearing loss bacteria can enter TM ```
114
Suppurative OM Dx
culture and sensitivity CT scan of temporal bone audiogram
115
Suppurative OM plan
``` topical abx polymyxin B T obraDex Cipro for 1-6 weeks no swimming until resolved ```
116
Mono definition
acute infection due to Epstein-Barr virus 10-35 common ages incubation 5-15 days
117
Mono Subjective
``` fever sore throat fatigue nausea myalgia (muscle aches) ```
118
Mono objective
``` pharynx erythema tonsilar enlargement cervical lymphadenopathy splenomegaly hematomegaly maculopapular rash ```
119
Mono dx
``` CBC with diff leukocytosis 10,000-20,000 pos monospot and heterophil elevated ASt, ALT, billirubin secondary strep ```
120
Mono Tx
``` NSAIDS warm gargles Corticosteroids when lymph nodes enlarged Avoid Amp/Amoxil due to rash Tx with PCN or Erythromycin no sports for one month no alcohol ```

Test 1 PC2 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions