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EEO Final Exam Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

Center of mass is at what point?

A

Anterior to S2

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2
Q

Plumb line from side?

A

Anterior to mastoid process
Anterior to acromion process
Posterior to hip jt
Anterior to knee (lat epi)
Anterior to lat mal

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3
Q

What is the difference between a lateral shift and lateral lean?

A

Shift- shoulders stay level
Lean- side bend where shoulder comes up

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4
Q

What are 4 points to look for scoliosis?
How to name scoliosis?

A

Look at scap, shoulder height, arm space, and waist lvl

Named off the convexity

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5
Q

In uneven shoulder height, the dominant shoulder is commonly???

A

Lower
Scapula protracted
anterior

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6
Q

What is upper quarter crossed syndrome?

A

Tight pecs, tight upper trap and levator scap

weak deep neck flexors, weak rhomboids, low and mid traps, and serratus anterior

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7
Q

What is lower quarter crossed syndrome?

A

tight erector spinae, tight hip flexors

weak abdominals, weak glutes

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8
Q

Increased forward head= ???

Shoulder protraction may result from???

A

increased compressive forces on anterior, lower c verebra and posterior facets; levator scap can help to resist but may result in MTrP or adaptive shortening

GH or AC instability or post RC tightness

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9
Q

What is swayback posture?
Increases stress of??? Compression on???

A

Posterior pelvic tilt with anterior shift of pelvis
tight hip extensors with weak hip flexors or lower abs

Increase stress of posterior knee and compression of anterior knee; genu recurvatum

Increase stress of anterior hip joint and posterior t spine

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10
Q

What is lordosis?
Increased shear forces on???
Increased compression forces???
Stress and elongation of???

A

Causes anterior pelvic tilt
tight hip flexors or back extensors
weak hip extensors or abs

Shear- lumbar vertebrae
Compression- lumbar facets
Stress and elongation- anterior spinal ligaments

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11
Q

What is flatback?
Compressive forces in???

A

decrease in kyphosis and lordosis
forward head, PPT, knee flexion

Posterior hip joint, anterior L-spine, and posterior T-spine

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12
Q

Added stress on cervical structures with progressive amounts of cervical flexion…
60 degrees
45 degrees
30 degrees
15 degrees
0 degrees

A

60 pounds
49 pounds
40 pounds
27 pounds
10-12 pounds

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13
Q

What is the difference between AP sway and ML sway?

A

AP- is 5-7 mm in quiet stance in young adults

ML- is 3-4 mm in quiet stance in young adults

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14
Q

What is proper sitting posture?

A

weight should be distributed on the two ischial bones and lumbar lordosis preserved, hips higher than knees, feet on the ground

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15
Q

Pressure on lumbar discs based on body position?

A

lying supine-25
side lying- 75
standing up straight- 100
sitting up backwards- 105
sitting up straight -140
leaning over standing- 150
sitting leaning over- 185
standing over with weight- 220
sitting hunched over with weight- 275

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16
Q

Most hip dislocations are posterior meaning the hip is?

A

Shortened, adducted, and internally rotated

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17
Q

What are hand held dynamometry strengths?

A

can document force in newtons or torque

regular MMT have decreased reliability at the higher grades

more sensitive to change

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18
Q

What are hand held dynamometry weaknesses?

A

Clinician perceives that he or she cannot provide an adequate resistive force

cost

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19
Q

HHD procedure?

A

Must be an isometric force so need to be mindful of strong mechanical advantage or joints with small ROM

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20
Q

What are the 3 main corrective strategies?
For ankle, what happens if COM is shifted anterior or posterior?

A

Ankle- if COM is shifted anterior, gastroc and hamstrings
if COM is shifted posterior, tib ant and quads

Hip

Stepping

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21
Q

What are 3 balance confidence or outcome measures?

A

ABC scale (activities specific balance confidence)

Falls efficacy scale

Fear of falling avoidance behaviors questionnaire

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22
Q

What is the difference between static and dynamic balance?

NEED TO ASSESS BOTH BECAUSE BEING GOOD AT STATIC DOES NOT MEAN GOOD AT DYNAMIC

A

Static (feet don’t move)- quiet stance romberg test
Active standing
reactive (nudge tests) and proactive (functional reach test)

Dynamic (feet move)- step initiation and ambulation

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23
Q

What are the 5 categories of balance tests?

A
  1. Clinical- romberg
  2. Laboratory- balance master
  3. Functional- berg balance tests
  4. Specific Population- BESS for athletes
  5. Combo- BESTest and mini BESTest
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24
Q

What muscles attach to the greater trochanter?

A

Glute med, glute min
piriformis, obturator internus, superior and inferior gemellus, quad fem

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25
The extension moment is counteracted by the...
iliopsoas and the iliofemoral ligament (y ligament)
26
The angle of inclination for hip is usually what degrees? More is called? Less is called?
125 coxa valga coxa vara
27
Coxa valga lead to a _____ increases the likelihood of? (2) Decreases ____?
longer limb femoral dislocation abductor muscle torque and increase likelihood of superior hip osteoarthritis
28
Coxa vara leads to ____ Improved congruence between the___ Stress fractures along the___
a shorter limb femoral head and acetabulum femoral neck which can lead to scfe
29
Normal femoral torsion is____ Anteversion vs retroversion?
10-20 degrees of anteversion excessive anteversion (IR) is greater than normal retroversion (ER) is less than normal
30
Excessive femoral anteversion leads to what if (un)compensated???
In toeing if uncompensated tibial external rotation
31
Femoral retroversion leads to what if (un)compensated???
Out toeing if uncompensated tibial internal rotation
32
Normal hip ROM Flx, ext, abd, add, IR, ER, SLR
Flx- 120 Ext- 20 abd- 45 add-20 IR-45 ER-45 SLR- 70 for males and 90 for females
33
Normal end feels for hip flexion vs others?
Flx- soft others- firm
34
Abnormal end feel order?
IR>Ext>Abd
35
ROM needed for functional movements: Rise from seated position
100 hip flexion
36
ROM needed for functional movements: needed to tie shoes
115 of hip flx 18 of hip abd 13 ER
37
ROM needed for functional movements: needed to sit cross legged
85 hip flx 35 abd 45 ER
38
Which dermatomes for lateral femoral cutaneous neuralgia?
anterior hip arthroplasties L1, L2, L3
39
What is hip dysplasia and possible symptoms?
Acetabulum does not fully cover the femoral head instability, leg length discrepancy, limp, groin pain
40
For hip dysplasia, you can use the Harris vs HOOS outcome measures. What are some differences between the two?
Harris- short, older population, increase score, decrease function HOOS- wholistic, increase score, increase function
41
What is a femoral acetabular impingement (FAI)? CAM impingement vs Pincer impingement? CAM impingement can lead to?
bony overgrowth causing dysfunctional approximation of the femoral neck and acetabulum CAM- femoral neck overgrowth (young athletes) Pincer- acetabulum overgrowth (females) osteoarthritis
42
What is an outcome measure you can use for FAI?
LEFS, LEAP, LEAS
43
Labral tears causes? Can result in?
Repeated microtrauma from FAI Rotational force through planted limb Loss of cushion from pulvinar eventual OA
44
What is gluteal tendinopathy? It is usually treated with? What approach should PT use?
inflammation or degeneration of the gluteus medius tendon at the attachment site; tender to palpate corticosteroids education plus exercise better than wait and see approach
45
Causes of Hip OA?
Coxa valga, FAI, hip dysplasia, obesity, female
46
Femoral neck fractures are especially common in those ____ What direction is the leg positioned afterwards?
over 60 years old and women as a result of osteoporosis shortened, ER, and Abd
47
The tibiofemoral angle should normally be between? Greater than that? Less than that?
165 to 175 degrees Genu varum over 175 degrees Genu valgum less than 165 degrees
48
How to measure Q angle? Norma Q angle measurement?
one line from ASIS to midpatella, another line from central patella to tibial tuberosity normal is 10-15 degrees, over 20 degrees is a malalignment
49
Causes of a larger Q angle? Increased Q angle increases risk for?
genu valgum excessive anteversion tibial external rotation lateral patellar sublaxation
50
Genu valgum potentially leads to? Is it normal in children?
overpronation of the food, longer leg, external rotation of the tibia, OA of the lateral knee should be a period where children have genu valgum
51
Genu varum potentially leads to?
supination of the foot, shorter leg, internal rotation of the tibia, OA at the medial knee
52
What is genu recarvatum? Causes?
knee hyperextension past 5 degrees Anterior pelvic tilt, quad weakness, gastroc/soleus weakness, PF contracture OR DF restriction, global ligamentous laxity
53
What is the minimum knee ROM in order to do these activities? Ride a bike Get up from chair Descend stairs Climb stairs Walking
115 105 90 83 60-70
54
Normal ROM measurements for knee flx, ext End feels? Capsular end feel (what loses first)?
5 degrees of hyperextension and 140 degrees of flexion flx- soft, ext, firm lose ability to extend first then flx
55
What is patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS)? Patient may present with pain when doing what activity? What test can be used?
Excessive compression to the anterior knee, genu valgum and hip abductor weakness pain with descending stairs 8 inch step down test
56
What is patellar tendonitis (jumpers knee)? Causes? Patient may present with?
overuse/overload of the patellar tendon, repetitive landing on hard surfaces with poor mechanics Anterior knee pain below the knee cap, tenderness at patellar tendon "gritty", PAIN WITH ASCENDING STAIRS
57
What is IT band syndrome? Patient presents with tight? weak? a positive test?
Overuse/overtraining of the lateral knee tight IT band and hip flexors weak glute med and glute max positive ober test
58
What outcome measures can you use for IT band syndrome? Which one talks about sleep?
LEFS, LEAS and LEAP LEAP
59
Causes of an ACL tear? Patient presents with?
Rapid direction change on planted foot or sudden stop medially directed blow to the knee Rapid swelling in the knee joint decreased quad activation feeling of the knee giving way
60
Causes of a PCL tear? Patient presents with?
MVA accidents and dashboard incidents, athletic hyperextension injury immediate swelling in the knee, feeling of instability since this happens forcefully, not usually injured in isolation
61
Causes of an MCL tear? Patient presents with? The MCL can usually heal on its own over 6 weeks why?
valgus hit to the knee or forceful tibial external rotation swelling, pain, knee giving way medially MCL has good blood supply and located outside the knee joint
62
Causes of an LCL tear? Patient presents with?
varus hit to the knee, forceful tibial external rotation pain, swelling, feeling unstable, and numbness tingling due to stretch of the common fibular nerve!
63
Post op considerations for TKAs? Priority?
Avoid knee twisting or crossing legs weight bearing restrictions do not allow gait deviations FULL EXT!
64
What activity counteracts the dorsi flexion moment?
Soleus
65
What is normal calcaneal position? Hindfoot valgus? Hindfoot varus?
calcaneus should be vertical/slight valgus calcaneal eversion, foot pronation Calcaneal inversion, foot supination
66
Causes of Lateral ankle sprains? Patient may present with?
Plantar flexion plus inversion- anterior talofibular ligament dorsiflexion plus inversion- calcaneofibular ligament full DF plus inversion- posterior talofibular ligament bruising/swelling, pain, feeling unstable, can lead to chronic ankle instability
67
Outcome measures used for lateral ankle sprain?
FFI, FADI, FAOS
68
Cause of a medial ankle sprain? What ligament injured?
Forceful eversion of the foot through a range of DF deltoid
69
Cause of a high ankle sprain?
forceful talar external rotation with the planted in DR Talus forces the fibula to separate from the tibia
70
Causes of posterior tibialis tendinopathy? Patient may present with?
chronic inflammation of tendon, faulty foot biomechanics, overuse tenderness along tendon, pain with muscle contraction
71
Which test for diagnosis of Post tib tendinopathy was most reliable?
single heel rise test
72
Outcome measures for posterior tibial tendinopathy?
FFI, FADI, LEFS
73
Causes of Achilles tendinopathy? Patient presents with?
chronic inflammation of tendon, faulty foot biomechanics, overuse injury pain along tendon, pain with tendon palpation, pain with muscle contraction
74
Outcome measures for Achilles tendinopathy?
VISA-A, FAAM, LEFS
75
Causes of Tarsal tunnel syndrome? Tarsal tunnel consists of ?
Overpronation of the foot, rolling the ankle medially Tom dick and very nervous harry tib post, flexor digitorum longus, tib artery, tinial vein, tibial nerve, and flexor hallicus longus
76
Causes of plantar fasciitis (heel pain)? Patient presents with? Differential diagnosis?
Forceful plantar flexion of the foot with toe extension, repeated microtrauma with foot overpronation and heel spur Pain at medial arch just distal to the calcaneus Pain with initial steps after immobility, but also worse after prolonged WB irritation of the medial or lateral plantar n, spondyloarthritis
77
Outcome measures used for heel pain?
FFI, FAAM, LEFS
78
What is hallux valgus (bunion)? Great toe needs how much extension for normal walking?
angle between the metatarsal and proximal phalanx over 15 degrees is abnormal 70 degrees, if not present person moves into overpronation which causes rolling inside big toe, creating adduction
79
Apley Scratch test
ER behind the head IR behind the back
80
Single leg stance is important for clearing what muscle?
Glute medius weakness
81
What is the gait cycle?
sequence of movements when walking Initial contact, loading response, mid stance, terminal stance, pre swing, initial swing, mid swing, terminal swing
82
Stance portion of gait cycle What % of gait cycle?
IC, LR, MSt, Tst, PSw 60 percent of the gait cycle
83
Swing portion of gait cycle What % of gait cycle?
ISw, MSw, TSw 40 percent of gait cycle
84
What is double limb support? What is single limb support?
20% gait cycle; at beginning and end of gait cycle 80% gait cycle; opposite foot in swing
85
What is arm swing?
the arm opposite the leg in swing should move forward to offset spinal rotation
86
ROM of initial contact? How does foot contact?
20 degrees of hip flexion 0 degrees of knee flexion heel strike
87
ROM of loading response?
20 degrees of hip flexion 15 degrees of knee flexion 5-7 degrees of plantar flexion at talocrural joint
88
ROM of midstance?
pelvis level 0 degrees knee extension 5 degrees of dorsiflexion
89
ROM of terminal stance?
If hip flexors tight, pelvis may rotate backwards 20 degrees hip extension 10 degrees dorsiflexion at talocrural joint
90
ROM of preswing?
10 degrees of hip extension 40 degrees of knee flexion 15 degrees of ankle plantar flexion
91
ROM of Initial swing?
posterior pelvic tilt 60 degrees of flexion at tibiofemoral joint
92
ROM of midswing?
25 degrees of flexion at hip joint 25 degrees of knee flexion
93
ROM of terminal swing?
Pelvis rotating forward 20 degrees of hip flexion 5 degrees of knee flexion ankle neutral
94
Movement of the pelvis during ambulation
The ipsilateral pelvis drops inferiorly as as leg swings forward while entire pelvis shifts laterally to contralateral side Center of gravity moves 2 inches up and down
95
Step? Step Width? Stride length? Cadence? Velocity?
distance the foot advances (18") horizontal distance between heels, BOS (2-4") distance from one foot to the same foot (3 feet) Number of steps taken per minute (avg adult 117 steps/min) the speed that one ambulates (avg adult 1.2-1.4 m/s)
96
What is Trendelenburg gait? compensated vs uncompensated?
Pelvic drops excessively on contralateral leg side with each step Weak glute med whether or not there is a trunk lean or not
97
What is circumduction gait?
trunk and pelvis rotate anteriorly swinging the leg out to the side of the body to propel it forward
98
What is foot drop? Common after?
toes drag against the ground during the swing phase loss of ankle dorsiflexion 24 common after stroke or tbi
99
What is hemiplegic gait?
paralysis or weakness of an entire side of the body from neurological pathology like stroke, tbi, or CP
100
What is antalgic gait?
Ambulating against or to avoid pain
101
What is ataxic gait?
range of motion and strength are not compromises lack of coordination causes the impairment
102
What is scissor gait? tightness of the? associated with what condition?
narrowing or even crossing over of the legs as they walk abnormal muscle tone with tightness of the hip adductors cerebral palsy
103
What is parkinsonian gait?
shuffling the feet with flexion of the trunk placing weight of body on balls of feet
104

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