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Geology > EES 1 Exam 2 > Flashcards

EES 1 Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What Particles are found in an Atom?

A

Protons Neutrons and Electrons

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2
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

When Two non-metal atoms share one or more electrons.

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3
Q

What is an Isotope

A

An atom the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons.

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4
Q

What are native elements?

A

Elements that occur in nature that are purely that element

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5
Q

What are the physical properties of minerals?

A

Color, Cleavage, Fracture, luster, Hardness, Streak, etc

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6
Q

What is the definition of a mineral?

A

A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a defined chemical composition and a crystalline structure.

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7
Q

What is the California state gemstone?

A

Turquoise

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8
Q

What is the California state mineral?

A

Gold

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9
Q

What is the California state rock?

A

Serpentine

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10
Q

Although diamond and graphite are the same chemical composition, they are on opposite ends of the hardness scale. What accounts for this?

A

Arrangement of carbon atoms

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11
Q

How are silica content and viscosity related?

A

in the context of magma and lava

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12
Q

Mount St. Helens is associated with a ___________ plate boundary

A

convergent

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13
Q

Which igneous rocks exhibit fine grained texture?

A

Basalt, Andesite, Rhyolite, and Dacite

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14
Q

Which igneous rocks exhibit a coarse-grained texture?

A

Granite, Diorite, Gabbro, Periodide, Pegmatite

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15
Q

A _______texture indicates two distinctly different sizes of mineral grains.

A

porphyritic

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16
Q

What is mafic vs. felsic?

A

Mafic rocks have Mg and Fe, are Dark in color, and form in oceanic crust
Felsic rocks have SiO2 are light in color and form continental crust

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17
Q

A _____ volcano is a large, gently sloping mound composed mainly of basaltic lava flows

A

shield

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18
Q

Which type of volcanoes comprises the Cascade and Andean ranges?

A

stratovolcanoes

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19
Q

Which is the first mineral and last mineral to crystallize out of a melt?

A

First Olivine
Last Quartz

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20
Q

What started, or “set off”, the eruption of Mt. St. Helens?

A

a massive landslide, which was caused by a magnitude 5.1 earthquake beneath the volcano.

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21
Q

What is the most potentially dangerous volcano in the United States (from the ppt)

A

Mount Rainier

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22
Q

Why do people live near volcanoes?

A

The dirt’s good

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23
Q

Why does Waikiki have a white sand beach? Why shouldn’t it?

A

Aikiki’s shoreline was originally a mix of black volcanic rock, coral rubble, and gray sand. The sand is essential and eurated overtime

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24
Q

What is the largest volcano on Earth?

25
Be able to list the tectonic setting, volcanic and plutonic rock type, silica content, viscosity, eruptive style, hazards, and an example of a volcano. Shield Volcano
Tectonic Setting: Hot spot or Rift zone Volcanic Rock Type: Basalt Plutonic Rock Type: Gabbro Silica Content: 45%-55% Viscocity: Low Europtive Style: Effusive ( lava flow) Hazards: Lava flow Examples: Mauna Loa,
26
Know the two types of weathering and examples of each
Physical weathering: Frost Chemical weathering: Oxidiation
27
What is the most important factor in chemical weathering?
Water
28
How is residual soil different from alluvial soil?
Residual soil and alluvial soil differ based on their formation process and location. Alluvial is transported by water and residual doesn't move.
29
How do tropical soils resemble desert soils?
Tropical Soils – Once deforested, heavy rains can wash away topsoil, making it nearly useless for farming. Desert Soils – Loose, dry soil is easily eroded by wind, creating dust storms.
30
How is sediment changed into sedimentary rock?
Weather and eurosion
31
Know the three most common cements.
Silica (SiO₂ - Quartz), Calcite (CaCO₃ - Calcium Carbonate), and Iron Oxides (Hematite, Fe₂O₃ or Limonite, FeO(OH))
32
Know the three types of sedimentary rock and how they differ. (clastic, chemical, biological)
Classic: Formed by: Weathering, erosion, deposition Chemical: The evaporation or precipitation of dissolved ions in water Biological: Accumulation of plant or animal remains (shells, coral, or plant material)
33
Is normal rain naturally acidic or basic? What are some of the effects of acid rain?
Normal rain is naturally acidic, with a typical pH of around 5.6. This is because atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) dissolves in rainwater to form carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) ​ However, acid rain has a much lower pH (below 5.0), caused by sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOₓ) from burning fossil fuels. These gases react with water to form sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and nitric acid (HNO₃).
34
How does quartz weather chemically, physically, or both?
Physical
35
Which rocks are considered clastic sedimentary rocks?
Conglomerate, Breccia, Sandstone, Siltstone, and Shale
36
What are sedimentary rocks useful for?
Building materials and fossil preservation.
37
What are carbonate rocks derived from?
Marine Organisms – Shells, coral, and plankton (e.g., limestone from calcified remains). Chemical Precipitation – Direct precipitation of calcium carbonate from seawater. Ditratial Processes – Weather and eurosion
38
How can you tell if a clastic sedimentary rock is mature or immature?
How well sorted it is and the grain sizes
39
How can mechanical weathering speed up chemical weathering?
Mechanical weathering speeds up chemical weathering by increasing the surface area of rocks exposed to chemical reactions
40
Be familiar with the types of sedimentary structures
1. Bedding (Stratification) – Layering of sediment due to different deposition events. 2. Cross-Bedding – Inclined layers formed by wind or water currents (common in dunes, rivers). 3. Graded Bedding – Layer with coarse grains at the bottom and fine grains at the top (caused by settling from water). 4. Ripple Marks – Wavy patterns from water or wind movement. Symmetrical (beach waves) vs. Asymmetrical (river currents). 5. Mud Cracks – Polygonal cracks from drying mud (common in floodplains, lake beds). 6. Raindrop Impressions – Small pits from raindrops hitting soft sediment. 7. Bioturbation Structures are disruptions caused by burrowing organisms. 8. Tool Marks – Grooves left by objects dragged by currents.
41
What are the agents of metamorphism?
Heat, Pressure, and Chemically
42
Which of the two is the most significant agent of metamorphism?
Pressure and heat
43
What heat sources contribute to metamorphism?
Magma Boils, Geothermal Gradient, Tectonic Activity, & Radioactive Decay
44
What is the geothermal gradient?
The geothermal gradient is the rate at which temperature increases with depth inside the Earth.
45
What are the 4 main types of metamorphism? (FROM THE POWERPOINT)
Contact, Regional, Hydrothermal, & Shock
46
What is the difference between regional and contact metamorphism?
Contact is made from other rocks and regional is formed in big areas like moutin subduction zones
47
Know how confining pressure and directional forces change the rocks
Confining applies equal pressure while directional applies greater in one direction
48
What is foliation, and what causes it?
Foliation is the layered or banded texture in metamorphic rocks caused by the alignment of minerals under directed pressure. It results in the rock having a striped or sheet-like appearance.
49
Understand the conditions of metamorphism in a subduction zone.
In a subduction zone, rocks experience high pressure and low temperature as the oceanic plate sinks rapidly, leading to the formation of blueschist and eclogite. Water released from the subducting slab causes metasomatism, forming minerals like serpentine and jadeite. Intense deformation from tectonic stress results in folding, faulting, and mélange formation in the accretionary wedge.
50
How are metamorphic rocks classified?
Metamorphic rocks are classified based on texture and mineral composition
51
Do metamorphic rocks melt during metamorphism?
no
52
What is quartzite derived from? What is Slate derived from?
Quartzite is sandstone, and Slate is shale
53
What type of rock is Yosemite composed of?
granite, an igneous intrusive rock.
54
What is the definition of a rock?
A rock is a naturally occurring, solid aggregate of minerals, mineraloids, or organic material. Rocks are classified into three main types based on their formation: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
55
What are the three types of rocks, and how do they form? Understand how the rock cycle works, how each rock type may be changed by different processes.
Igneous Rocks 🌋 – Form from the cooling and solidification of magma or lava. Intrusive (Plutonic): Slow cooling underground (e.g., granite). Extrusive (Volcanic): Fast cooling at the surface (e.g., basalt). Sedimentary Rocks 🌊 – Form from the compaction and cementation of sediments. Clastic: Made of weathered rock fragments (e.g., sandstone). Chemical: Precipitates from solutions (e.g., limestone). Biological: From organic material (e.g., coal). Metamorphic Rocks 🔥 – Form when existing rocks undergo heat and pressure without melting. Foliated: Have layers (e.g., schist, gneiss). Non-foliated: No layers (e.g., marble, quartzite).
56
Which of the different types of rocks are the most abundant at the Earth’s surface?
Sedimentry Rocks
57
Which of the different types of rocks are the most abundant in the Earth’s crust?
Ignious rocks
58
What is the extra credit phrase
Squabble Up

Geology (4 decks)

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