Effects of Exercise on Gene Expression Flashcards
What is gene expression?
the process of using genes (instructions for DNA) to create proteins
Gene expression control involves regulating ___________.
gene product (protein or RNA) levels
Upregulation and downregulation? Which is the main way to control genes in eukaryotes?
Induction and Repression; Induction
What are the control points in gene expression?
1) Transcription
2) RNA Processing
3) Transport to Cytosol
4) RNA Degradation
5) Translation
6) Proteolysis
7) Post-Translational Modification and Targeting
How and why do we monitor gene expression?
By measuring RNA and protein levels in muscles or other tissues over time (over a 24-hour period). This is for understanding how gene products change in response to exercise and recovery.
Give 3 examples of exercise-induced changes that may modify gene expression?
1) Decrease in ATP, increase in ADP and AMP
2) Decrease in glycogen concentration
3) decrease in oxygen concentration (hypoxia)
What are the 2 mechanisms of exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy?
1) the mTORC1 Pathway
2) Satellite cell activation
What activates mTORC1?
Resistance exercise activates mTORC1 through:
- phosphorylation of mTOR
- Allosteric effects on the entire complex
What does mTORC1 target?
Phosphorylates 2 key proteins:
- 4EBP1
- S6K1
What exercise might cause ribosomal biogenesis?
resistance exercise may induce the generation of new ribosomes
What are satellite cells?
they are adult stem cells located near muscle fibers
Satellite cells contain primarily a _______ and play a crucial role in ___________.
nucleus, muscle repair/growth
Mitochondrial content increase involves __________ or _________.
mitochondrial biogenesis, hypertrophy
Mitochondrial proteins synthesis relies on ________ and _________.
nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA
Transcription is controlled by _________ and __________.
transcription factors, coactivators
What is the nuclear and mitochondrial transcription factor “double agent” ?
p53
What is the main transcription coactivator?
PGC1-alpha
For PGC1-alpha to do its job it must undergo which two types of reversible changes?
phosphorylation (active) and acetylation (less active)
Endurance exercise increases ____ and _____ activity and content in the muscle, promoting mitochondrial biogenesis.
PGC1-alpha and p53
What is Ca2+ used for? What happens as a result?
Send signals through the body, to the receiver calmodulin. Increased cytosolic Ca2+ levels contribute to greater muscle mitochondrial content.
WADA (world anti-doping agency) prohibited list
Synthetic compounds that increase mitochondrial growth:
- Activators of AMPK
- PPAR-delta Agonists
