Efferent (motor) system

Question 1

What is the roles of the Motor Nervous System

Answer 1

contols most of the organs and physiological processes to keep us alive

Question 2

What are the 2 divisions of the Efferent NS

Answer 2

1. Autonomic Nervous system
2. Somatic Nervous Systems

Question 3

What is the difference between the Autonomic and Somatic NS

Answer 3

Autonomic transmits signal to the smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

Somatic transmits signal to the skeletal muscle

Question 4

what neurons are involved in the Autonomic NS (ANS)

Answer 4

1. Preganglionic and postganglionic

Question 5

How do we identify if it is a ANS neuron involved

Answer 5

by the type of neurotransmitters

ANS releases cholinergic (Acetylcholine) and Adrenergic (Noreepinephrine)

Question 6

What are the 2 divisions of the ANS

Answer 6

1. Sympathetic NS
2. Parasympathetic NS

Question 7

What are the functions of SNS and the neurons involved as well as their nt

Answer 7

Function: prepares body for activity ( fight or flight)

Preganglionic: cholinergic ( acetyl)
Postganglionic: Adrenergic (Norephi)
EXCEPT when it is a sweat gland (Acetly)

Question 8

SNS pathways

Answer 8

CNS -> preganglionic -> ganglion ( ACh) ->postganglionic -> NE or ACh (sweat glands only)

Question 9

How do we stop chemical stimulates of a postsynaptic cell

Answer 9

nt must be broken down

Question 10

How do we break down ACh`

Answer 10

broken down by enzymes (acetylcholinesterase) and occurs on postsynaptic membrane

Question 11

How is NE broken down

Answer 11

Actively transported out the the synaptic cleft into the end bulb of the neuron that released it and broken down by Monoamine oxidase ( MAO)

Question 12

What is the function of the Parasympathetic NS

Answer 12

Rest + digest

Question 13

Pathway for PNS

Answer 13

CNS -> Preganglionic -> ACh -> Postganglionic -> ACh

Question 14

How does SNS and PNS work together

Answer 14

we recieved input from both SNS and PNS and their effects are usually the opposite of each other = Evens out

(SNS increase Heart rate an PSN decreases heart rate)

Question 15

What is the function of ANS

Answer 15

regulates internal processes continuously and automatically

Question 16

What is the pathways of the Somatic Nervous System

Answer 16

CNS -> upper motor neuron -> CNS (spinal cord) -> Lower Motor Neuron -> E = skeletal muscle

Question 17

What types of movements are involved in SNS

Answer 17

1. Reflexes
2. Voluntary
3. Rythamic

Question 18

What type of reflexed are involved in Somatic NS

Answer 18

1. Spinal Reflex: least complex and req sensory input from receptors (proprioceptors)
2. Postural: for balanced and posture and req. sensory input from proprioceptors, eyes and inner ear

Question 19

What is voluntary in Somatic NS

Answer 19

most complex and no external stimuli needed ( act of will)

Question 20

What is Rhythmic in somatic ns

Answer 20

combo of reflex and voluntary movements ( walking and running)

Question 21

levels of motor control

Answer 21

1. PLANNING ( seq of muslce contractions, signal primary motor cortex, work with cerebellum)
2. Signals to lower motor neurons for fine skilled movements
3. receives input from cortex, basal nuclei, cerebellum an involved in co-ordination of large muscle group ( posture + locomotion)
4. Spinal cord: network of neurons that set rhythmic repeated movements and need cortical signal to begin or stop
   ( involes the cerebellum, basal nuclei and corticospinal pathway)

Question 22

What is the role of the cerebellum in the spinal cord

Answer 22

plan and inniate movement and correct if needed which controls our balanced, eye movement and muscle tone ( more than 1 joint)

Question 23

what is the role of the Basal Nuclei in the spinal cord

Answer 23

aid in planning movement and stops unncessary motions and involved in muscle tone

Question 24

What is the role of the Corticospinal Pathway

Answer 24

signals from cortex to skeletal muscle

Question 25

What are the parts involved in Corticospinal Pathway and their movement

Answer 25

1. Upper: cell bodies in primary motor cortex axons into spinal cord 2. Lower: Cell body in ventral horn of spinal cord axon and exits via spinal nerves

Question 26

What happens when Upper Motor Neurons are destroyed

Answer 26

- can still send signal to lower but it can lead to 1. Spastic Paralysis: increases muscle tone ( no muscle atrophy) ( healthy) 2. Exaggerated Reflexes: reflex are stronger than normal due to no stop signal -> babinski sign ( extended big toe when toes curled under)

Question 27

What happens when Lower Motor Neurons are destroyed

Answer 27

1. loss of reflex arch: no signal from sensory neurons 2. Flaccid Paralysis: decreased in muscle tone, muscle atrophy seen ( loss of muscle) -> Polio

Question 28

which areas of the brain is involved in language

Answer 28

Left cortex

Question 29

important regions of the brain involved in language

Answer 29

1. Cerebral Cortex: Concepts and ideas 2. Language Implementation system ( analyzes incoming and producing word, sound and grammar) 3. Areas of visual and auditory cortex: process incoming language that is seen ( reading, facial expression and sounds)

Question 30

What areas are part of the Language Implementation System and their purposes

Answer 30

1. Wernicke area: language comprehension 2. Broca Area: motor control of speech and grammatical structure 3. Basal Nuclei: regulate speech production by working with broca area

Question 31

pathway of language

Answer 31

language areas -> premotor cortex( plan muscle contraction) -> primary motor cortex ( intiate planned contraction) -> speech

Question 32

which area is damaged if we have poor comprehension( words are no use or mixed up) but can speak

Answer 32

wernicke's

Question 33

What are is damage if we can understand word but it's hard to speak or write ( loss of motor control of speech)

Answer 33

Broca's