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DSC AS British Empire complete > Egypt and the Sudan 1870-1914 > Flashcards

Egypt and the Sudan 1870-1914 Flashcards

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1
Q

What nations took financial control of Egypt in 1878?

A

Dual control was taken of the Egyptian economy by France and Britain

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2
Q

Why was British intervention in Egypt originally so strange?

A

Gladstone was pro-small government and anti-imperialist, yet he took control of Egypt to protect British investments and the Suez Canal.

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3
Q

Why was the acquisition of Egypt important geo-politically?

A

The Suez Canal; Britain and France wanted to check Austro-Hungarian and Russian interest in the Mediterranean after the inevitable fall of the Ottoman Empire.

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4
Q

How much foreign debt did the Khedives get themselves in between 1863-70?

A

Debt from European loans went from £3m to £100

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5
Q

<p>When was Egypt officially bankrupt?</p>

A

<p>1876</p>

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6
Q

<p>What did the Dual Control force upon the Khedive?</p>

A

<p>Ismail Pasha had to reduce army, introduce food taxes and reform the financial system?</p>

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7
Q

When was Ismail Pasha deposed and by who?

A

In 1879 the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire removed him

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8
Q

Who took over Egypt after the Sultan was persuaded to step back?

A

Ismail Pasha’s son, Tewfiq Pasha

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9
Q

What military leader formed a rebellious army in 1879?

A

Colonel Arabi Pasha formed the Egyptian Nationalist Party

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10
Q

Who supported Arabi Pasha?

A

Those in the army wanting a raise, the bourgeoisie disliking the economic meddling of the dual powers, and the fellahin (peasants)

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11
Q

What actually caused the Arabi Pasha uprising of 1879?

A

Government plan’s to dismiss 2,500 army officers and halve the rest’s salaries

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12
Q

What was the result of the coup of 1879?

A

A nationalist ministry was created including Arabi Pasha

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13
Q

What did Arabi Pasha do immediately when in power which frightening the Dual Controls (Britain and France)?

A

Borrowed £400,000 to reverse the need for army cuts

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14
Q

Why did Britain further itself in Egypt in 1882 to do with strategy?

A

80% of Suez Canal ships were British, which they had a 45% share in - also to make sure France did not become too powerful in the region

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15
Q

Why did Britain further itself in Egypt in 1882 to do with trade?

A

Britain took 80% of Egyptian exports and created 44% of it’s import market

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16
Q

Why did Britain further itself in Egypt in 1882 to do with finance?

A

There were many British bond-holders with Egyptian assets who would lose lots if the country defaulted (even Gladstone had 37% wealth in the area)

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17
Q

Why did Britain further itself in Egypt in 1882 to do with people?

A

On the 11th June 1882 there were anti-Christian riots, where 20% of population was European and 50 were killed

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18
Q

What did the Dual Controls send Egypt in 1882 in terms of diplomacy and what was the result?

A

The Gambetta Note led to the Arabi Pasha forcing a nationalist cabinet on the khedive

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19
Q

How did violence begin in Egypt in 1882?

A

11 June - Nationalist uprising led by Arabi Pasha in Alexandria- killed 50 Europeans; prompted GB ordering for formal occupation of Egyptian
Oct- Egyptian rebellion crushed by Royal Navy bombardment and invasion of GB army; Br formally became ‘government of Egypt’ and instated Tewfiq (puppet ruler) as Egyptian ruler, ending dual control with France

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20
Q

What is the end result for he who holds power in Egypt after 1882?

A

Tewfiq becomes new puppet Khedive under British control, Evelyn Baring becomes Consul-General

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21
Q

Why was the veiled protectorate held up for so long in terms of leadership?

A

Baring had an extensive plan of reform for Egypt which would take time to achieve

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22
Q

Why was the veiled protectorate held up for so long in terms of home politics in Britain?

A

Gladstone’s defeat 1886 led to the more imperialist PM Lord Salisbury

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23
Q

Why was the Khedive powerless after 1882?

A

All actions had to be approved by the British, who not only had Baring, but made up a large amount of the Civil Service

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24
Q

How long did Sir Evelyn Baring lead Egypt for?

A

From 1883-1907

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25
How did Sudan fall into such a state of rampant jihadism?
After Gordon left as governor of Khartoum, anti-khedive revolts were not put down, and then the Mahdi emerged in 1881
26
Why was Sudan important to Salisbury?
While the place was not, the thought of jihadist expansion around the Suez Canal and Alexandria was worrying
27
What was the British reaction to the failed Constantinople Conference?
They decided they couldn't give up Egypt out of fear of Great Powers taking over
28
What was the financial achievements of the Baring years?
He returned Egypt to solvency by 1887, using loans to stabilise the debt problems - debt repayment made up half of spending
29
How much money did Baring spend on irrigation?
£1m
30
What was Baring's big plan for Egyptian agriculture?
The only was to improve the situation for fellahin (peasants) was to achieve proper drainage in the farms
31
What did Baring do with the education system of Egypt?
Secondary education was not the role of the state to provide, and too much of it would destabilise the country anyhow - he increased tuition fees on primary schools to decrease enrolment
32
What increased under Tewfiq's replacement, Abbas Hilami?
Arab nationalism, with inspired minds such as Mustafa Kamil encouraging anti-British sentiments in Europe and Egypt
33
Which underlying current in Egyptian peasant society passed by Baring?
Born out of a lack of social mobility, particularly due to education reforms, peasants felt more nationalist
34
Which changes did Gordon make to the Sudan 1973-80 which destabilised the area?
He cracked down on the slave trade, removing the traditional leaders of the area - this allowed the Mahdi to fill the power vacuum
35
How did the Mahdi persuade many to support him?
Played on the dislikes of Egyptian taxes and authority. Also proclaimed a radical Islamic jihad.
36
How many were killed by the mahdists in the Hicks expedition in 1882?
7,700
37
When was Gordon sent to Khartoum for a second time and what were his orders?
In 1884 he was ordered to evacuate the city of Europeans and Egyptians, and the Sudanese garrisons
38
What is thought of Gordon's end desire for his Sudanese mission and why?
It is thought he wanted evacuation to turn to intervention
39
What is the evidence Gordon wished for intervention in the Sudan?
He telegraphed many messages to London to get authority to hand the city of the an ex-slave trader, and messages to Baring for more troops, and smuggled copies of his diary out of the area to gain support for his cause
40
Why did Gordon not evacuate Khartoum earlier?
He waited for people to be saved from the surrounding areas
41
What happened to Gordon after capture?
His head was taken as a prize for the Mahdi
42
What occurred after the siege of Khartoum?
2 days later, a relief expedition turned up
43
Who was blamed for the events at Khartoum, and who did the blaming?
Gladstone was, by the papers, by the Queen, and by the electorate in 1885
44
What was the public reaction to the death of Gordon?
Widespread mourning, a national day of mourning, and books, paintings, busts and statues remembered him across the country - he became an icon
45
When was the Sudan reconquered and by who?
1896-98, Lord Kitchener
46
Why was Sudan invaded in the 1890s in terms of geopolitics?
Control of the source of the Nile was desired by France and Britain - also Britain had claimed the area under it's sphere of influence in 1890 and needed to show it
47
Why was Sudan invaded in the 1890s in terms of religion?
The fear of the spread of jihadism into Egypt was enough to require an invasion
48
What was French desire for expansion during 1890s?
Connecting western colonies with Djibouti in the east, taking control of the Blue Nile at the same time
49
Who lead the French march east and where did they meet the British?
Major Marchand at Fashoda, where they were waiting in vain for the western moving French army to come to
50
What was the result of the Fashoda incident and why did this occur?
The French backed down and removed their claims to the area, due to fear of a stronger British navy and internal crisis with the Dreyfus Affair
51
How are Gordon and Kitchener linked?
They had met, and Gordon impressed Kitchener greatly with his faith, and also Kitchener was part of the expedition to save Gordon
52
Which new pieces of technology did Kitchener have with him?
Maxim guns, gunboats, light-gauge railways, and artillery
53
What did Kitchener do once he entered Khartoum?
Had a memorial service for Gordon ,and took the Mahdi out of his tomb and beheaded him
54
How many of the mahdists forces died at Omdurman compared to British?
10,000 death compared to 47 British
55
Which juxtaposition shows the racism of the events in the Sudan?
While the French were spared in Fashoda, the Sudanese forces were massacred
56
What international issues caused Kitchener's drive on the Mahdi?
Italy losing in Ethiopia and French encroachments on Upper Nile region cause need for more control in region
57
How many men did Kitchener have before Omdurman and how many did the Mahdists have?
8,200 British and 17,600 Egyptians and Sudanese forces v 60,000 Mahdists
58
What were the religious aspects of Gordon's early tenure in Sudan?
Seen as Christianity and it's anti-slavery undermining the Arabic order
59
When was the successor of the Mahdi killed?
November 1899
60
How many forces did Gordon have in Khartoum and how many did the Mahdi have?
7,000 v 50,000 dervishes
61
How long was the siege of Khartoum and how did it end?
313 days, with the Nile drying up in winter allowing for the Mahdists to walk up to the walls and attack
62
What was the Mahdi's name for the Egyptians?
Turkish Oppressors
63
Who took part in the British side of the Hicks Expedition?
7,000 men, 'perhaps the worst army that ever marched to war' according to Churchill
64
Where did the Hicks Expedition end and who confronted them?
Battle of El Obied where 40,000 Mahdists armed with guns from previous battles slaughtered Hicks and his forces
65
Why was the Egyptian army ready to invade the Sudan in 1896 for Kitchener's invasion?
Egyptian army had been reformed with British officers, and the economy had improved enough to facilitate it
66
How did certain individuals lead to the invasion of the Sudan by Kitchener?
Mahdi escapees explained to army where to attack, as well as whipping up press storm about the barbaric nature of the Mahdi
67
How did the economic situation in Egypt improve for the British businessman when the Financial Advisers moved in?
Interest rates fell and bond prices rose
68
How many Maxim guns did Kitchener take with him in his Sudan campaign?
40
69
What was the slogan of Urabi's nationalists?
Egypt for Egyptians (not Turks or Brits)
70
When did Egypt become financially solvent?
1887
71
What was Baring's two missions and how did he act to accommodate these?
Reform Egypt, and evacuate British, he saw that the latter was less important and should only be done when Egypt develops
72
What did Baring think of the Egyptian people he claimed to care so much for?
Oriental mind was 'slipshod' while he learnt Turkish, the land of the power-holding classes rather than the Arabic of the masses
73
What did lord Palmerston say regarding British policy towards Egypt in 1860?
We do not want to have Egypt. What we wish about Egypt is that it should be attached to the Turkish empire, which is security against it belonging to another European Power. We wish to trade with Egypt and travel through Egypt.'
74
WHAT happens to Egypt's foreign debt following construction of Suez Canal?
Between 1863 and 1879 Egypt's foreign debt increased from £3 million to £100 million AND the interest rate to be paid on it in this same period rose from 7% to 20%
75
What countries did Caisse de la Dette consist of?
Britain France Germany Austro-Hungary Italy Russia
76
What was the Egyptian economy initially controlled by that made it hard for Britain to govern?
Caisse de la Dette
77
Under Caisse de la Dette what did half of Egypt's revenue go towards?
Paying European bond holders
78
What did Baring do to revitalise economy?
Cuts to Egyptian military and bureaucracy Improved communications and irrigation
79
Within 10 years of Baring as Consul-General since 1883 what trebled?
Exports of cotton and sugar had trebled
80
Who expanded British tourism to Egypt?
Thomas Cook and Son who became Egypt's largest employer providing many jobs
81
Who did Baring improve life for in Egypt?
Baring improved conditions for Egyptian labourers and introduced better sanitation and health services in towns
82
What was built on the Nile in 1902 and how did it help the Egyptian economy?
Aswan Dam. Irritated half a million acres of former desert and allowed for year round irrigation
83
What was said about British attitudes to Egyptian cloth making industry?
British didn't promote it although it would have provided jobs for the unemployed, because the British only interested in production of raw cotton to keep the spinners of Lancashire employed Production of raw cotton trebled tho after British rule ( so did sugar)
84
What did Baring purposefully not do?
Extend educational opportunity - as in India this led to greater demands and nationalism
85
When did Baring cave and give in to demands for greater education?
In 1909 a new university was found to supplement the university of Cairo where only religious education was on offer
86
What did the Egyptian National party seek?
Returned in 1893 and sought the end of British occupation and their own representative government t
87
What happened at Denshawai incident in 1906?
Big misunderstanding Locals angry at British officers for shooting pigeons for sport which they'd bred for food but a native woman shot and officers ran away, one died due to heatstroke but soldiers arrived and assumed he'd been murdered and soldier killed an assumed assassin
88
What happened as a result of the Denshawai Incident?
52 villagers arrested 4 convicted of murder sentenced to death 1 life sentence of penal servitude 26 sentenced to terms of hard labour and flogging Egyptian policeman who testified in defends of locals sentenced to 2 years imprisonment and 50 lashes
89
What did Sir Gorst do as Consul General for Egypt in 1909?
Tried to impose tighter censorship of press and placed more Egyptians in responsible government positions to weaken Egyptian National Party
90
What did Lord Cromer admit to in 1902?
He'd boasted that the peasants were grateful to British but admitted to committee of Imperial defence in 1902 that if Russia or France invaded it is unlikely loyalty could be expected from Egyptians in protecting the British there
91
Why did Britain remain in Egypt for so long?
Free passage through the Suez Canal (in 1881: 2,256 out of 2,727 vessels that passed through were British) If GB did nothing other countries would step in especially due to Scramble for Africa. Additionally, in late 1880s Turkey could no longer be relied on to stop Russian navy from passing through the Bosporus.
92
What is the evidence of Egyptians not benefiting from British rule?
Egyptian government ministers dismissed if they didn't follow British advice. Denshawai Incident and how they were punished. Raw materials diverted to England e.g. cotton only raw no cloth making. Little development of education.
93
How did the Egyptian educated class feel about the British?
Found themselves largely excluded from the highest ranks of civil service, judiciary and army
94
How was Evelyn Baring 'bad' for Egypt?
- Signed the Granville Doctrine, which meant British officials could dismiss Egyptian officials if they didnt follow British directions (unwilling to share power) - Shunned educated classes from higher ranks of government - Lack of investment in education
95
How was Evelyn Baring 'good' for Egypt?
Developed Egypt- more prosperity-eg Aswan Dam: 18m high, quarter mile long, held back waters of Nile, opened in 1902 and the reservoir irrigated 0.5m acres of former irrigated land; led to all-year-round cultivation - To balance Egyptian accounts he made cutbacks to Egypt's military and bureaucracy and he invested in communications and irrigation schemes - Within years of his rule, exports of cotton and sugar trebled
96
Who replaced Baring as Consul General in 1906?
Eldon Gorst- tried to use censorship and various penal laws to try and quell nationalism. Germans provided funds to fuel anti-British sentiment
97
What/when was the Fashoda incident in 1898?
By 1890, Fr had made many agreements with the Sudanese and so were given large tracts of W Sudan. French General Marchand occupied Fashoda but Kitchener treated him politely and raised Egyptian flag on the area. Marchand withdrew and avoided conflict between Britain and France did not happen.
98
What was the effect of Fashoda incident?
Embarrassing for the French; demonstrated British Empire's imperial dominance
99
What was Egypt's status as a colony after 1882?
Ruled as a 'veiled protectorate' - illusion of control through puppet ruler and local rule but was realistically under British administrative rule, with Egyptians not being allowed into higher ranks of civil service
100
Why was the Suez Canal important to the Britain?
Logistic- allowed Br to avoid 9654km circumnavagtion of Africa to get to India Economic- increased trading to India, China and Australasia Defence- Military fleets could move to the easier to Empire much quicker and, as Russia had presence in Mediterranean, GB in Suez acted as intimidation
101
What did Britain's investments develop in Egypt post 1869?
GB banks lent Egyptian government big loans for development-1000 miles of railway track laid - Schools, road construction - By 1870, 40% of Egyptian imports were British.

DSC AS British Empire complete (20 decks)

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