Egyptian - everything Flashcards by Emily Kovalenko

Tomb painting from Hierakonopolis
3,500-3,200 BC
Cairo, Egypt
painting of people on ships in Nile with animals
no ground line

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The Palette of Narmer
3,000 BC
Cairo, Egypt
Stone palette used fro make up
ceremonial
have ground lines, neat
separate registers - zones
sets up conventions of Egyptian art
front side
- depicts the unification of upper and lower Egypt
- major figure is Pharaoh Narmer
- In royal palace
- profile head, fontal eye, frontal chest, profile legs, wearing crown of Upper Egypt, wearing mace - going to smite other man
- smaller servant in background
- papyrus plant - grown in Lower Egypt
- Hawk Horus - god of Upper Egypt
- Bull of Hawthorne at top
- fleeing figures on lower register
other side
- 2 feline-like creatures with long, snake-like necks
  - represent unification of upper and lower Egypt
- upper register
  - pharaoh is largest person wearing crown of lower Egypt
  - Hierarchy of scale = larger is more important
  - walking with smaller figures towards group of dead bodies (defeat of enemy) with heads between legs
- lower register
  - bull and defeated figure (bull represents pharaoh)
    *

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Hesire
2,650 BC
Saqqara
wood relief
ground line, profile head, legs, frontal eyes, torso
leading official - scribe
wearing kilt like a pharaoh would
holding staff - authority
elaborate burial
used grid for precise measurements

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Mastaba tombs
3,000-2,190 BC
Burial tombs
chapel, false door (for underworld)
serdab (chamber of statue of the dead)
burial chamber

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Stepped pyramid and funerary precint of King Djoser
2,630-2,611 BC
Saqqara
one mastaba on top of each other?
step pyramid (like ziggurat)
Imhotep - architect and 1st name of architect/artist in history
pyramid is part of complex
- false structures, wall, courts, pavilions, funeral temple
designed to give pharaoh what he needs in afterlife (pharaoh = god)
elaborate entry ways
- piers with ends like columns
  - looks like bundle of plants
- stone architecture for dead, non stone for living
Ashlar masonry - cut blocks laid in courses (rows) and engaged columns - dressed masonry
- Engaged columns - attached to walls
- column tops (capitals) similar to papyrus plants, plants “translated” into stone

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Pyramids of Gizeh
Khufu - 2550 BC (largest)
Khafre - 2500 BC (middle sized)
Menkaure - 2475 BC (smallest)
near nile river
several components to complex
- valley temples, causeway, mortuary temple, pyramids
- Valley which held rituals
- ships made of wood - for pharaoh’s body
precision in building pyramids
- quary stone on Gizeh plateau
- enormous blocks - organized labor
- pulleys and ropes and ramps
enormous building
- various chambers inside
- ramps lead up to king’s chamber
Egyptian statue characteristics
- absolutely frontal
- utterly immoble
- perfectly calm

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The Great Sphinx
2,500 BC
Gizeh
statue of lion body with pharaoh head
carved out of natural rock
has features of ideal figure - evokes eternity
- representation that Ka can identify in afterlife
  - Ka - spirit

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Statue of Khafre
2,500 BC
Gizeh
absolutely frontal, utterly immobile, perfectly calm
kind of relief sculpture
papyrus reeds below, hawk protecting head
symmetrical
evokes eternity

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Menkaure and his wife, Khameremebty
2475 BC
still, calm
homes for Ka

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Seated Scribe
2400 BC
Saqqara
Less favorable features, less perfect, sagging chest, protruding belly, less formal
- lower level than pharaoh

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Bust of Prince Ankhhaf
2500 BC
Gizeh
signs of age, balding, tired eyes, fuller face
not pharaoh - shown more realistically
limestone, plaster, paint

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Ti Watching a Hippopotamus Hunt, relief in the tomb of Ti
2,400 BC
Saqqara
Watching hippopotamus hunt
viewed from side (Nile) like aquarium
Ti doesn’t have emotion - going to be preserved in time
vertical fans turn into papyrus at top
papayrus inhabited by plants and animals

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Cattle Fording a River, relief from tomb of Ti
2,400 BC
Saqqara
men leading cattle across river
lower half/register
- boy carrying calf - posture modified
- mother is middle cow w/ head looking up at her calf - shows bond between cows

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Fragmentary head of Senusret III
1860 BC - Middle Kingdom
look of concern, furrowed brow
looks fatigued, anxious
new demension in Egyptian art - emotion

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Rock-cut tombs, Beni Hasan
1950-1900 BC - Middle Kingdom
tombs carved out of “living” (natural) rock
rough rock combined with architecture
post and linel
columns - flat faces around and blocks at top (abicus)
- do nothing structurally
- anticipation of Roman arch
built for Pharaoh’s burial
- some columns don’t support ceiling
- false door - underworld/ discourage invaders
- hieroglyphics

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Funerary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut
1500-1070 BC
Deir el-Bahari
funerals held there
Senmut - architect
leads into natural cliff - one with stone? eternity?
inviting ramps in center
relief columns
frontality of building - like pharaoh’s statue
- ramps on central axis (axial approach)

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Hatshepsut, from upper court of her mortuary temple
1550-1070 BC (1470 BC)
Deir el-Bahari
free standing statue
destroyed but reconstructed - by later pharaoh
Hatshepsut became pharaoh and took on role with male clothes and false beard

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Senmut with Princess Nefrura
1550-1070 BC (1470-1460 BC)
Thebes
block statue of Senmut and Hatshepsut’s daughter
cloak wrapped around both of them

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Temple complex of Amun-Mut-Khonsu
1550-1070 BC
Luxor
architecture:
- long length
- avenue of sphinxes
- entrance flanked by pylon (figures) - important
- open air courtyard surrounded by colums
- hypostyle hall
- chamber of the bark - boat where kings body sails out
- storerooms
- sanctuary
- colossal statues of pharaohs on side
- columns define processional route
Hypostyle hall:
- large columns on sides
- larger columns in middle
  - roof in middle is taller than roof on sides
    - grill work in between - clerestory zone
    - allows light to come into central room - clerestory light
Temple of Ramses II, Abu Simbel
Stone pillars with Ramses dressed as Osiris - shows power
large stone figures on outside - show power

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Nebamun Hunting Birds, Tomb of Nebamun
1550-1070 BC
Thebes
similar to tomb of Ti
aquarium view of water, large figure, birds flying above
Nebamun - largest (most important)
with wife (smaller) and daughters (even smaller)
Nebamun actively participating in scene
- throwing stick in one hand, 3 birds in another
cat grabbing birds
Nebamun enjoying afterlife

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Banquet Scene, Tomb of Nebamun
1550-1070 BC
Thebes
higher register
- party with many people
- formal postures
lower register
- 4 musicians - 2 facing forward
- 2 dancers - informal treatment of posture
- suggests motion - very different than traditional Egyptian art
  - shows that Egyptians chose to create the conventions that showed up in art

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Akhenaton (Amenhotep IV)
Amarna period - 1353-1335 BC
Cairo
statue is curvey and more realistic and weak-looking
- Akhenaton moved captial and changed the religion from worshipping Amen and other gods to worshipping the disk-shaped god of Aton
- appearance of statue suggests displeasure with pharaoh by artist

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Nefertiti
1353-1335 BC - Amarna Period
Cairo
Unfinished? or is right pupil not painted to show progression in art for students?
wife of Akhenaton
beautiful face
exaggerated neck

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Queen Tiye
1353-1335 BC - Amarna Period
Cairo
Akhenaton’s mother
wears weird wig on head
- addition later
evident inlaid eyes
evidence of age
very small size

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* **Akhenaton, Nefertiti, and three daughters** * 1353-1335 BC - Amarna Period * Cairo * all sitting informally * casual scene at home * god Aton is shining rays on family * **sunken relief -** edge carved away instead of entire background * more efficient than regular relief

* **Tomb of Tutankhamen** * 1550-1070 BC (1313 BC) * Valley of the Kings * Discovered by Howard Carter * Face of mummy covered by death mask * made of gold with pharaoh headdress * frontal pose * tomb entrance was sealed shut * found many luxury items * Egyptian thrown * aton disk with Tut and wife * casual postition * Ebony wooden stool * found burial chamber * 5 boxes around 3 coffins * mummy of Tut found inside * Painted chest - Tut defeating Asian enemies - Egyptians in neat registers, enemies in chaos

* **"White Temple" on ziggurat** * 3500-3000 BC - Protoliterate Period * Uruk * ziggurat - tall platform - high to reach gods (gods are up high) * built out of mud bricks - didn't have stone * sun dried mud brick * temple on top * bent-axis approach (contrast to strick axiality of Egyptians) * have to walk all the way around temple to get to entrance * Cella - central religious/sacred chamber

* **Statues of Gudea** * 2125-1750 BC - Neo-Sumer and Babylon * Girsu * devoted to gods and piety * hands clasped in prayer * holding jar with water flowing out and fish swimming in it - represent being thankful to water of rivers/gods * temple plans on lap * serving gods by building temple for them

* **Stele with code of Hammurabi** * 2125-1750 BC - Neo-Sumer and Babylon * Inscribed laws given by God Shaymash that were written by Hammurabi * Shaymash sitting, giving Hammurabi a rod and ring * Rod and ring are symbols of measuring rod and rope * measure people's lies and honesty * Hammurabi looks respectful while standing * signals authority to govern and judge

* **Female Head (Inanna?)** * 3500-3000 BC - Protoliterate Period * Uruk * marble head - imported from other land * body possibly made from wood / other materials * eyebrows and eyes inlaid with shells and black stone * sensitivity created, soft curves * disappeared in 2003 but discovered

* **Warka Vase (Alabaster Vase)** * 3500-3000 BC - Protoliterate Period * Uruk * depicts goddess Inanna * arranged in registers * relief * made of alabaster stone * lowest register * water of river (Euphrates) * next register * plants, land, animals walking * next register * humans walking (gathering for sacrifice) * upper register * humans giving Inanna vase * Profile and composite figures * oldest example of Sumerian narrative art

* **Statuettes from Abu Temple** * 3000-2340 BC - Early Dynastic Period * Eshnunna * some big, some small * all have attitude of worship * hands onf chests and clasped together * they are stand-ins for people to convince citizens of piety * 2 largest * stand on circular pedestools, have circular clothes * emphasized circular shape * garments are conical (cone-like) * abstract shapes * ankles are rectangular * elbows and arms create triangle * have flat faces with features stuck on * extremely large, dialated eyes, wedge-like eyes, cylindircal neck * eyes are large for religious purpose - shows that they have an unyielding worship for the gods

* **Stele of the Vultures / Victory Stele of Eannatum** * 3000-2340 BC - Early Dynastic Period * Girsu * **Stele** - upright slab of wood or stone on which appears writing, painting, sculpture, or all of them * Vultures are carrying heads of deafeated enemies, king goes out with infantry and crush the men of Uma, below King in chariot with spear with infantry behind them * King Eannatum was very pious * didn't take credit for defeat of enemies * gives credit to god, Ningirsu * Ningirsu holds net of small figurines - defeat * work of narrative, reason for war explained, religious document

* **Harps and detail** * 3000-2340 BC - Early Dynastic Period * Royal Cemetery, Ur * Bull headed harps * blue stone - lapis azule beard * gold head * inlaid scenes of animals playing instruments * animals are animated because music is animated * bull represents power/male dominancy

* **"Standard of Ur"** * 3000-2340 BC - Early Dynastic Period * Royal Cemetery, Ur * banquet on one side, battle on other * battle * capturing enemies, leading captures to king * banquet * with kings (larger) with attendees and musicians and animals * rounded forms

* **Stele of King Naram-Sin** * 2340-2180 BC - Akkadian Period * Susa * King wearing horned crown gods normally wear * gave himself god attributes * arrogance of king * seen as equal to gods * humans below king asking/begging to be spared * king carries military attributes

* **Head of an Akkadian ruler** * 2340-2180 BC - Akkadian Period * Nineveh * interesting texture * long, plaited hair, different textures * statue intentionally punished * ear severed, eye poked out (Hammurabi's Code) * Showed conquering of statue * **Iconoclasm**

* **Cycladic figurine** * 2500-2300 BC - Cycladic Art * Syros * made of marble * angular, triangular components * abstract form to depict human * no facial features * in interest in showing details * figurine of a woman * some other similar figurines were found in graves * many were discovered illegally to be sold in the art market - so we don't know a lot about them * could be for fertility or afterlife * there are a great number of forgeries

* **Lyre Player for Keros** * 2500 BC - Cycladic Art * Keros * more complex * figure sitting in open back chair playing open lyre * a lot of open space on inside of sculpture * musician throwing head back - **movement** and emotion * similar to seated sculpture of Khafre * Khafre more solid, no movement, more detail, more angular and rigid, much larger * Lyre player more round and free

* **Kamares Ware jar** * 1800-1400 BC - Minoan Art * Phaistos * pottery jar with light detail/art on dark background * art tells of being near water * fish, spiral decorations, wavy lines (**animates pot**) * **spiraliform** - spiral form decorations * **repetition of lines (motif)** * **tortion/twisting**

* **Octopus Vase** * 1800-1400 BC - Minoan Art * Palaikastro * dark on light decoration * spiraliform * repetition of forms * tortion - tentacles going in multiple directions * octopus at oblique angle *

* **Palace of Minos at Knossos** * 1800-1400 BC (1700-1400 BC) - Minoan Art * Knossos, Crete * terraced terrain * multiple stories, stairways * light wells allow light to illuminate insides * columns to support ceiling * wooden, painted red and black, bulging capital, abacus, narrower at bottom wider at top * tricky architectural plan, a lot going on * theater area? * proto-drama? * sidewalks * irregular exterior form * many corridors and rooms - like labyrinth * central court * elaborate entry ways * storage areas * ritual enter - processions * similar design to vases * linear scripts found in palace - records * bull is important motif

* **Woman or goddess, fresco** * 1800-1400 BC (1450-1400 BC) - Minoan Art * Palace of Minos at Knossos * **fresco** - painted on wet plaster * shows elegant woman with nice clothes, long hair, lipstick, central eye on profile head

* **"Snake Goddess"** * 1800-1400 BC - Minoan Art * Knossos * depicts priestest favoring goddess * exaggerated pinched waist (wasp waist) * open bodice garment - fertility * failance material * reaching arms out holding **snakes** - movement * symbolic of rebirth * focused wide-eyed expression

* **Young god?** * 1800-1400 BC - Minoan Art * Palaikastro * wasp waist * broad shoulders * detail in hand is extensive - veins and muscles * gold and ivory sculpture

* **Bull Leaping Fresco** * 1880-1400 BC (1450-1400 BC) - Minoan Art * Palace of Minos at Knossos * a lot of modern reconstruction * depicts bulls and powerful males and females * males = strength, females = fertility * 3 athletes leaping over bull that is moving foward * bull has characteristic gallop * flying gallop - all 4 legs in air * 2 figures on ends frame scene, middle figure emphasizes movement

* **Harvester Vase from Hagia Triada** * 1800-1400 BC (1450-1400 BC) - Minoan Art * Hagia Triada * depicts harvest ritual * soft stone * each face has different expression * leader has distinctive clothing * those in procession carry winnowing fans and Egyptian sistrum - rattle * shows connections with other cultures * shows underlying skeletal structure

* **Landscape frescoes** * 1800-1400 BC (1650 BC) - Minoan Art * Akrotiri, Thera * shows volcanic colors - vibrant * lilies on top of hills * swirly pattern (birds, plants)

* **Citadel at Tiryns** * 1600-1200 BC - Mycenean Art * well walled/fortified * defensive site * galleries with corbled arches * built by cyclops? (Cyclopian architecture) * difficult to get into, gates, propylon * Megaron - 3 part structure, is one with rest of palace but distinctive - thrown room * minoan wooden columns for support * ceremonial, functional, storage facilities

* **Citadel of Mycenae 13th century BC** * 1600-1200 BC - Mycenean Art * Mycenae * well fortified * **Lion Gate -** 1250 BC * entrance is defensible * comparison to Ishtar Gate * post and lintel contruction * left relieving triangle on top of lintel * closed up with decoration of lions standing up facing each other on altar without heads * displays message that "we are strong and fortible and on the inside we are just as strong as lions"

* **Ziggurat, Ur** * 2125-1750 BC - Neo-sumer and Babylon * one of the largest ziggurats every built * baked-bricks laid in bitumen * three pairs of steps

* **Menthuemhet** * 660-650 BC * Karnak * realistic face and ideal body * longevity of stylistic modes in Egypt

* **Shaft Graves** * 1600-1200 BC - Mycenean Art * **Funeral Mask** - not worn by corpses (self-portraits?) * Gold mask from Grave Circle at Mycenae * circular head, jolly, more relief * specific technique - carve/push out from back to form relief in fron (usually gold) * **Inlaid Dagger** * ******inlaid decorations of hunters hunting lion * animated figure resembles Minoan art * lions running in flying gallop - contact between Minoans and Myceneans

* **Female Head (Sphinx?)** * 1600-1200 BC - Mycenean Art * Mycenae * contact with Egypt?

* **Treasury of Atreus** * 1600-1200 BC - Mycenean Art (13th Century BC) * Corbled arch * courses of stone gradually coming in - corbeled dome * Tholos tomb (beehive tomb) * side chamber with same architecture as entrance

* **Warrior Vase** * 1600-1200 BC (1200 BC) - Mycenean Art * Mycenae * row of warriors going out with person bidding goodbye * signals that army is strong and used a lot in Mycenae because there are soldiers

* **Geometric Krater from Dipylon Cemetary** * 800-700 BC - Geometric Art (750 BC) * Athens * Greece has great clay abundance * funerary object to cover clay * bottom knocked out to pour offerings for dead * shape was designed to mix wine and water but not in this case * Geometric shapes at top and middle-bottom * 2 figural **friezes** (registers) * humans in geometric forms * first example of Greek exploration of human body * figures mourning abou figure on bier (table) who is dead * women pulling on their hair out of grief * triangle torso - frontal though head and legs are facing either right or left * one big frontal eye * figures placed out to see dead - takes place at home * Theme of krater fits purpose * deceased could be soldier

* **Hero and Centaur** * 800-700 BC (700-730 BC) - Geometric * very small * could hero be Herakles fighting centaur? * composite animal - 2 or more animals combined * shows mythology? * centaur only horse in back * artists regaining their skills

* **Mantiklos Apollo** * 700-600 BC - Orientalizing * Thebes * Shares characteristics with Hero and Centaur * a little more advanced * triangular torso and neck * Geometric * tube-like hair * face is a little less geometric but still triangular * looks a little bit more human * inscription on legs * wearing chest plate (warrior?) * Mantiklos gave statue to Apollo * could have been holding bow and arrow * "speaking" statue - given to Apollo in order to gain something in return * interesting relationship between gods and humans * set up a deal with gods

* **Corinthian black-figure amphora** * 700-600 BC - Orientalizing * Rhodes * round, loaded with geometric designs though not quite as geometric as before * many rosettes like Ashurbanipal fresco * motifs like lions from Mesopotamia

* **Temple A** * 700-600 BC - Orientalizing * Prinias, Crete * Small temple * had porch, thick columns, cella, sculpture over entrance (lintel) * looks very similar to Megaron in Mycenean architecture * was it carried on from Mycenean times? * Lintel - female lions, very detailed floating figures on bottom, seated figures at top

* **Lady of Auxerre** * 700-600 BC - Orientalizing * exploration of the female body - clothed * "Daedalic style" - Daedalis built labyrinth at Knossos * triangular face * Geometric design on dress * big feet and hands * goddess or priestest * lacks headdress and is in praying position * first step in treating female body

* **Sounion Kouros (New York Kouros)** * 600-480 BC - Archaic * Athens * stance like Egyptian statues * not realistic * abstract shapes - groin to under rib cage make diamond shape * flat faces * eyes stuck on surface * ears are flat * similar to Menhotep statue * different in that there is little stone between arms and legs * frees the statues

* **Kroisos (Anavysos Kouros)** * 600-480 BC (530 BC) - Archaic * Athens * depicts youth warriors who died in battle * could be funerary marker, gift to gods * very realistic - move more rapidly towards realistic portrayal of humans * has an "archaic smile", long hair, rigid stance

* **Calf-Bearer (Moschophoros)** * 600-480 BC (560 BC) - Archaic * Athens * Old man (beard) * not nude * carrying calf - his arms and the arms of calf make x shape

* **Peplos Kore** * 600-480 BC (530 BC) - Archaic * Athens * woman figure wearing drapery * more realistic than Lady of Auxerre * "sister" of Calf-Bearer * wearing 3 items of clothing * chiton, cape, peplos * belted waist, earings * color still in hair - buried soon after being made * long hair * beautiful almond face * frontal pose

* **Kore from the Acropolis** * 600-480 BC (510 BC) - Archaic * wears chiton and himation

* **Temple of Hera I** * 550 BC * Paestum, Italy * early version of capital of column * sagging and more rounded * 3 columns in anits * odd number in colonnade (normally even) * experimental temple

* **Temple of Artemis at Corfu** * 590 BC * Corfu * sculpture from the west pediment; gorgon (Medusa), Pegaus, Chrysaor * depicts Medusa Gorgon with snake hair, snake belt, and running - maybe from Perseus * Perseus cuts her head off * from her neck sprang Pegasus and Chryseor (son) * Medusa is **Apotropaic** - turns away evil * this is why it is on temple - serves as protection * Medusa is running in stylistic way * left leg and arm are both in front * felines surround Medusa * have spiral forms on them - lingering elements from Geometric age * smaller figures * one gy getting hit by arrow - Pyrons in Trojan War * 2 figures fighting * Zeus and giant fighting * small figure laying in corner (dead soldier) * challenging for sculpter to fit sculpture in triangle shape (pediment) * **Pediment Problem** * theme, scale, action, time, place, and relate to temple

* **Temple of the Siphnians** * 530 BC * Delphi * Place to hold gifts for gods * instead of columns there are statues of two women that support pediment in antis * caryatids in pronaos * Ionic frieze - Battle between Gods and Giants * Peracles * goddess on chariot pulled by lion biting into giant * Apollo and Artemis * dealing with the human body in movement * shows depth by overlapping figures

* **Temple of Aphaia** * west pediment - 500-490 BC * east pediment - 490-480 BC * Can see columns on front and side at same time * has ramp going up to it (weird) * Doric order, 6 colums in front, 2 columns in antis * open space in middle of colonnade * Battle theme in pediment * all on theme, all different types of positions and movement * shows muscle structure, motion, and tension in body * **west pediment** - fallen soldier - looks happy because it has an archaic smile * also has rubbery looking leg * solves pediment problem * figures are all the same scale but are in different positions to fit space * doesn't necesarily relate to temple * In middle - Athena * **East pediment** * fallen soldier from east pediment looks more realisitic * is looking straight down so seems more appropriate but still has archaic smile * more muscle definition - arms are being used * shows how much art had progressed in those ten years

* **Francois Vase, Kleitias and Ergotimos (attic black-figure volute krater)** * 570 BC * Attica region in Greece * volute krater - handles look like volutes in ionic columns * scene of lapiths fighting against centaurs at wedding - centaurs got drunk and tried to take bride and women

* **Exekias, Attic black-figure amphora** * 540-530 BC * one of greatest vases ever made * scene pertaining to Trojan War * Achilles and Ajax playing dice * are ready to go into battle if needed * arches of back allude to curve of vase * dialogue * very detailed clothing * height of incision in Greek vase art

* **Andokides Painter, Attic bilingual amphora** * 525-520 BC * same scene as Exekias vase but on side is black-figure, other is red-figure

* **Euphronios, Attic red-figure calyx krater** * 510 BC * different shape krater (like a flower) * scene between Herakles and Earth giant * garments on women are same as archaic garments

* **Euthymides, Attic red-figure amphora** * 510 BC * all different positions * contorted bodies * Euthymides was very proud * inside depicted dancers and musicians * bottom of inside - guy throwing up from drinking too much wine

* **Kritios Boy** * 480 BC * Acropolis, Athens * has shorter display of hair - tied up * inlaid eyes * no archaic smile * head more propartional to body * not standing up straight * head slightly turned * **contropossto** - stance with shift of weight * one hip higher than the other * revolutionized statue - natural posture in statues

* **Delphi Charioteer** * 470 BC * Sanctuary of Apollo Delphi * bronze sculpture is started to be used more * depicts charioteer who just won chariot race * Greek artists like to depict moment right after violent action * very calm face - lips are almost pouting * idealized young face - heavy jaw line * wears long belted garment

* **Zeus, from off Cape Artemision** * 460 BC * Delphi * depicts moment right before action * delicate balance * Bronze - marble is too heavy for pose * defined muscles * older man - beard

* **Myron. Diskobolos (Discus Thrower)** * 450 BC * Marble - Roman copy * original was bronze but it is lost * physical body is expanded - takes up space * 2 arcs that draw the eyes * flexed muscle, rib cage shown * calm face - humans are perfectable into god-like status

* **Polykleitos, Doryphoros (Spear Thrower)** * 450 BC * Roman Marble copy (original bronze doesn't survive) * fuller contropossto * sloping shoulders, weight leg * perfect anatomy

* **Temple of Zeus at Olympia** * 470-456 BC * Olympia, Greece * in ruins - from earthquake * Pantheletics - many treasuries and athletic games * **East Pediment, Chariot race between Pelops and Oinomaos** * 3rd example at solving pediment problem * _Iconography_ - practice of "reading" what is "written" in images * Chariot race: Pelops and Oinomaos * wedding: Pelops and Hippodameia (daughter of Oinomaos) * Oinomaos doesn't want his daughter to get married * so he challenges suitors to chariot races that are rigged for him to win * loser is killed * Pelops was suitor of Hippodameia * bribed Mertilops into sabotaging the King's chariot * Pelops wins but then kills Mertilops * Mertilops curses Pelops * Theme - athletic - relates to Olympia * Location - **Pelop**onesian peninsula * all same scale * all doing the same thing - waiting for the race to begin * time - right before race * fits temple - Zeus in middle - Temple of Zeus * corner - dying soldier, dead soldier, river personification * geographically frames scene * older individual shows expression of shock and knowing what will happen - looks older - beard, bold, flabby stomach * river personification - back is carved to perfection * wanted temple to be perfect

* **Parthenon** * 447-438 BC (construction finished in 432 BC) * Athens: the Acropolis * dedicated to Athena * 8 columns in front (normally 6) * most structures in acropolis were built after Persian War * **Pericles** - leader of Athenian Democracy * **Phidias** - builder/sculptor of Parthenon * Parthenon partially destroyed in 1687 from explosions * Entrance of temple on opposite side (east) than entrance to Acropolis - forces you to walk around it. * formula - y = 2x + 1 - for width and length * material is marble * steps to stylobate * columns with flutes - arris * refinements - none of the columns stand up straight - lean slightly in * stylobate is curved - makes it look straight * large cella with colonnade around it and Athena statue * inside back room are 4 ionic columns - most of the temple is doric style * West pediment - battle between Athena and Poseidon * East pediment - birth of Athena * **Chryselephantine** - made of gold and ivory - like Athena * Metopes: battle scenes - gods and giants * Ionic frieze: panathenaic procession * Metope - Centaur beating guy * Ionic friezes tie building together * cavalry men on horses * overlap of all elements - legs of humans and horses * Gods sitting quietly and peacefully following procession - on East side * perfection of body

* **West Pediment of the Parthenon** * 432 BC * Athens * Contest between Athena and Poseidon * Athena gave olive tree * Poseidon gave salt spring and trident marks in Acropolis * Athena wins - city-state named after her

* **East Pediment of the Acropolis** * 432 BC * Athens * birth of Athena - Mount Olympus * born fully formed out of the head of Zeus * time - dawn * action - all the same * scale - all the same * theme - birth of Athena for Temple of Athena * chariot of sun rises in left corner and chariot of moon descends in right corner * shows that it's morning * corner goddess * shows what sculptors could do with drapery * exploration of the female body * drapery draws eyes to right of pediment

* **Erechtheion** * 421-405 BC * caryatids replace columns

* **Temple of Athena Nike** * 410 BC * Acropolis * lots of statues of Athena * one of Athena adjusting her sandel * depicted very graceful - although very awkward pose * beautiful drapery * wet drapery - clings to her body

* **Corinthian capital and the Corinthian order** * acanthus plant - what it's modeled off of * invented by Killimachos

* **Temple of Apollo at Bassae** * mid-late 5th century * built by Iktinos * first temple with use of corinthian order * only one corinthian column

* **Tholos, Epidauros** * 350 BC * second use of corinthian order * doric order on outside * inside whole row of corinthian order

* **Monument of Lysikrates** * 334 BC * 3rd use of corinthian order * on exterior * from now on, corinthian columns are always on the exterior of buildings

* **Theater, Epidauros** * 350 BC * Polykleitos the Younger * over half circle * perfect accoustics * used natural formation of land (hills/mountains) for seats * cavea - seating area * orchestra - circular playing area * skene - scene building (backdrop)

* **Elements of a Greek City** * streets * agora - open market place * stoa - buildings with long colonnades that frame agora * meeting halls * sanctuary - temple * theater - on hillside * houses - all houses are alike * fountains

* **Stoa of Attalos II** * Agora, Athens * rebuilt in the 1950s

* **Aphrodite from Knidos** * 480-323 BC - Classical * Praxiteles - sculptor * first statue to depict a female nude (especially a divine god) * was thought as disrespectful to appointed city * so Knidos took it * Praxiteles thought it through * Aphrodite is taking a bath * discretely covers part of herself * place in round temple to be seen from all sides * raised a lot of issues * sexually charged image * emphasizes contropossto

* **Hermes with the Infant Dionysos** * 480-323 BC - Classical * Roman Copy * leanes over so far left that he needs to lean on tree trunk * late classical - takes classical modes and pushes them * has baby on his left arm - baby Dionysos * dangling grapes infront of him * arms extend out into space * smooths out lines that distinguish parts of the body - refinement for interest

* **Herakles** * 480-323 BC - Classical * Skopas - sculptor * Just the head * really deeply set eyes - calls our attention * causes deep shadows * greater intensities of features characterize works of Skopas

* **Grave Stele of a young hunter** * 480 - 323 BC - Classical * deceased man in extreme contropossto * with father and little boy on either side looking sad * extremely high relief * very deep set eyes * emotional quality

* **Apoxyomenos (Scraper)** * 480 - 323 BC - Classical * Lysippos - sculptor * Roman copy * athlete scraping off after working out * reaching out into space

* **Weary Herakles** * 480-323 BC - Classical * Lysippos - sculptor * exaggerated contropossto * leaning on club * holding apple behind back * problem - more of a roman sculpture * overly muscled, built for a Roman emperor to put in center of athletic area

* **Gnosis, Stag Hunt (pebble mosaic)** * 480-323 BC - Classical * Gnosis - mosaicist * Pella, Greece * 2 hunters, stag * 3 figures fit into shallow landscape (mosaic was on floor) * mosaicist has the done same things as painters * shading * foreshortening - depicting something at an angle that shows depth * Gnosis is very proud that he could do this * limited colors - worked with pebbles

* **Hades abducting Persephone** * 480-323 BC - Classical * Vergina * wall painting from tomb at Vergina * Hades in chariot (that is foreshortened) * grasped Persephone to be his bride in the underworld * her garments and hair are flying in the wind * shading in drapery and in face of Hades

* **Head of Alexander the Great** * 323-31 BC - Hellenistic * Pella * angling head on neck * head turned, eyes looking over shoulder * plenty of motion * gives idea of Alexander - not exact portraiture * compare head with Kritios Boy Doryphoros

* **The Alexander Mosaic (Battle of Issus?)** * 323-31 BC - Hellenistic * Pompeii * drama between Alexander and Darius III * Looks like Alexander and Darius are looking at each other but they are not * Persian infantry trying to get king away from danger * shows emotion from danger * shows drama of battle * perfect depiction of hindquarters of horse in perpendicular position * Alexander is actually looking at Persian getting speared by his spear * Darius is looking at the same thing

* **Didyma, Temple of Apollo** * 323-31 BC - Hellenistic * very large scale * base goes up to waist

* **Pergamon; Model of the city** * 323-31 BC - Hellenistic * Asia Minor * city plan * theater buit on slope at center * everything else fanned out around it * dramatic plan

* **Altar of Zeus** * 323-31 BC - Hellenistic * Pergamon, Asia Minor * Columns, frieze * frieze moved to lower level in order to be seen * very large 7 feet tall figures * a lot of activity * engaging in same space as humans * gods and giants battle * writhing bodies * Athena fighting several Earth Giants at once * Nike/Victory is crowning Athena with victory crown * exaggerated bodies - muscles * shows that greek gods are strong enough to defeat giants * metaphor for pergamese * Zeus leans opposite way of Athena - creates a V shape * emulates pediments of parthenon - pergamese knew art history well. * compare with Siphnian Treasury * compare with 5th century classical statue

* **Gallic Chief killing himself and his wife** * 323-31 BC - Hellenistic * Roman copy, Pergamese * chief kills his wife and himself in order to avoid being captured and become a slave * has drama, action, and emotion * blood dripping down * misery, defeat, bravery * hasn't left his wife go yet even though she's dead

* **Dying Gaul from Pergamon** * 323-31 BC - Hellenistic * in dramatic process of dying - was stabbed * Gaul - typical hair, toric around neck, and facial hair * moving position * compare to Assyrian lion relief

* **Polyeuktos, Demosthenes** * 323-31 BC - Hellenistic * Roman copy * exploration of old age * Demosthenes - Athenian known for going against Philllip II * taking dramatic break after saying something important * signs of old age - wrinkles on forehead, thinning hair, losing muscle mass, wrinkles on face * sculptor - Polyeuktos

* **Seated Boxer** * 323-31 BC - Hellenistic * Rome * in relaxed positition * facing away from audience * seated instead of standing * looks like he is an older boxer than normal * very strong muscles * looks worried * professional boxer who's been doing this for a while * shows signs of war - broken nose, bleeding ear * either after or before match or between * made of bronze * comparison with Diskobolos * shows transition of life style - life isn't always great, diskobolos is beautiful lie, seated boxer is ugly truth

* **Old Market Woman** * 323-31 BC - Hellenistic * carrying baskets in left hand * signs of age * wrinkled skin, bent over posture, missing teeth, sunken mouth

* **Aphrodite from Milos (Venus de Milo)** * 323-31 BC - Hellenistic * more exaggerated contropossto * more sexuality * pushing limits

* **Sleeping Satyr (Barberini Faun)** * 323-31 BC - Hellenistic * drunken guy sleeping * sexual qualities

* **Nike of Samothrace** * 323-31 BC - Hellenistic * on bow of ship * just touched down from moving forward * dramatic garments clinging to body, revealing anatomy

* **Laocoon and His Two Sons, from palace of Titus** * 323-31 BC - Hellenistic Art under Roman Patronage * more eclectic and convoluted * shows great emotion

* **Banditaccia necropolis at Cerveteri** * 7th Century BC - Etruscan * city of the dead * didn't buy dead inside city walls, buried them here

* **Plan of the Tomb of the Shields and Chairs** * 6th Century BC - Etruscan * tombs - mounds with earth on top made of Tuff * individual rooms underneath where bodies are laid * family relations remain * looks like a house * becomes on ceiling, molding on door, chairs, beds, shields on walls - relief carved on walls * whole generations of families can fit

* **Fibula with Orientalizing lions** * 7th century BC - Etruscan * fancy pin - made especially for tomb * use of granulation and repousse * high quality gold work

* **Sarcophagus of a man and a woman, from Cerveteri** * 6th century BC - Etruscan * sarcophagus - "flesh eater" * husband and wife relaxing on couch * maintain relationship in afterlife * believed in afterlife similar to this life * reclining during banquet - taking this to afterlife * holding food in hands? * Etruscan sculptors only interested in torso section * natural resources - clay, ore * archaic features - archaic smiles, oval shaped heads * Etruscans love gestures

* **Reconstruction of an Etruscan temple** * 6th century BC - Etruscan * only foundation survives * made of terracotta * model made * different than Greek temples * columns don't go all the way around, they are only in front * statues aren't in pediments, they are on roof * temple elevated higher and there are only steps in front * wooden columns and structures, mudbrick walls * don't survive * woodenwork on roof covered with terracotta * stone floor

* **Apollo of Veii** * 6th century BC - Etruscan * archaic-like statue - smile, long hair, sharp features * stepping forward with hand out * has purpose * similar drapery to Euphronios krater

* **Tomb of the Augurs, Tarquinia** * 6th century BC - Etruscan * individual with crooked staff - Augur/ referee * bottom level painted black, middle white with figures, painted door - friezes * 2 Etruscans flanking door - gestures * offering prayer to deceased as they go to afterlife? * standing on gravel * 2 colored style (red and black like greek vases) * contour lines * profile head and frontal eye * funeral games to send deceased to underworld * 2 wrestlers * proto-gladiatorial activity * individual with bag on head fighting with man with dog on leash who is biting man on leg

* **Tomb of Hunting and Fishing, Tarquinia** * 6th century BC- Etruscan * boys fishing in boat * boys diving off rocks * depicts daily lifestyle * figures refrain from filling up entire space * rare * birds flying in air - not to scale * afterlife like real life

* **Tomb of the Leopards, Tarquinia** * 6th century BC- Etruscan * Estruscans banqueting * daily life activities * bring these aspects to afterlife * social aspect - men and women at banquet * Etruscans very gestural * women depicted, by convention, as white and men are dark * man holding egg * entertainment - flutist * Exaggerated features - hands and feet

* **Tomb of the Reliefs** * 3rd century BC - Etruscan * tomb with many reliefs on walls * contains things that would be at home * contains tools * carrying of funeral bed * features that correspond to men and women (drinking cups and fans) * everything well preserved except 2 portraits * iconoclasm * 3 headed dog - protects/guards underworld

* **Ficoroni Cista** * late 4th century BC - Etruscan

* **Capitoline Wolf** * late 6th century - Etruscan * refers to foundation myth of Rome * wolf is maternal * is Etruscan art more than Roman * Roman in theme, Etruscan in style * very expressive

* **Arringatore, Aule Metele (Aule Metellus) Bronze** * 1st century BC - Roman Art - Republic * Bronze statue of an orator * most likely addressing politicians * wearing tunic, toga, and boots - high (senatorial) * free people wear togas - symbol of being a Roman citizen (togate race) * compare to Demosthenes * inscriptions with Etruscan letters at bottom of toga * Romans participate in debate * depicts real individual * no two sculptures are alike * middle-aged man * toga - can't do manual labor with toga on

* **Portraits of a Roman, from Osimo** * portraits tend to depict old men * leaders were old men * because portrait is of old man - signifies that he is important and high up * looks old * wrinkles, receding hairline * brutal realism, superrealistic, verism

* **Man with portraits busts of his ancestors** * Late 1st century BC - Roman Art * Rome * made of marble * man wearing toga * man holding two busts * heads were enough for portraits * busts depict his ancestors - imagines * displayed in households * Plebians not allowed to have statues of ancestors in houses * portraits signify distinguished family line

* **Portrait of a Roman General from Tiroli** * 1st century BC - Roman Art * know he's a general because of his armor at the bottom * eclecticism * body is idealized form but head is old - doesn't match * wrinkles, some from presistant stare, not veristic

* **Coin Portrait of Julius Caesar** * 1st century BC - Roman Art * depicted as older individual

* **Funerary relief of the Gessii from Rome** * 1st century BC - Roman Art * freed slaves with elite Roman (born free) in middle * Liberta - female freed slave * Libertus - male freed slave * images on tomb of lower class citizens * not exactly true to life but emulates other art

* **Relief with Funerary Procession from Amiternum** * 2nd half of 1st century - Roman Art * deceased figure laying in middle * doesn't convey space in a normal way * space bubble around deceased * strange groundlines on top * space is rendered in a conceptual way * musicians attending funeral * professional mourners on top * lower level citizens, not elite because art isnt as realistic

* **Temple of Portunus (Temple of "Fortuna Virilis")** * 1st century BC - Roman Art * Rome * 4 columns across front - tetrastyle * full columns in front, engaged columns on sides - emphasized front - Etruscan style * Ionic columns * Greek aspects - stone materials, similar columns, Ionic order

* **Roman Concrete** * Romans could build many more structures * made of lime, mortor, volcanic rock, chunks of rock * dries rock solid * easy and more efficient

* **Sanctuary of Fortuna, Praeneste** * late 2nd century BC - Roman Art * vaulted chambers * rounded walls * curved colonnade * interacted with landscape - built on hill * made with Roman concrete

* **Primaporta Augustus** * 27 BC - 96 AD - Early Roman Empire * copy of a bronze original * statue of Augutus - 1st emperor of Rome * grandnephew of Julius Caesar (became his adopted son) * called himself Caesar, gained his money, supporters, army/legions * began to rise to power * 31 BC defeated Marc Antony and Cleopatra * 27 BC changed name to Augustus * traced ancestry back to Venus (Aphrodite) * strong military person - military tunic, breastplate, general's cloak * addressing army - same gesture as Aule Metele * alludes to divine ancestry - statue of eos at bottom - son of Venus * similar stance to Doryphoros - contropossto - classical Greece * Augustus is shown as young * not as much intensity in face * wants to show control/discipline and negate signs of weakness/change - stays young * idealized face with Augustus's real features - filtered with idealized mask of Greek sculpture * Breastplate has relief of Parthinian giving back * Roman spoils to Romans - 20 BC * mythological references- Gods/personifications * raises historical event to cosmic event * sky above, fertile earth below * sun's rising, dawn is here - beginning of day * represents new Golden Age that Augustus is bringing * 2 personifications of provinces on sides * geographical setting

* **Augustus wearing *corona civica*, or civic crown** * early 1st century AD - Early Roman Empire * symbol of Roman emperor

* **Portrait of Livia, from Faiyum, Egypt** * early 1st century AD - Early Roman Empire * Augustus's wife * long hair pulled up into bun * 2 parts with bangs rooled up in front * way elite Roman woman would wear their hair * just as idealized as Augustus - never ages * elite couple

* **Ara Pacis** * 27 BC - 96 AD - Early Roman Empire * Pax Augustus - Augustus personalized the pleace in Rome - defeated army * celebrates peace Augustus brought to Rome * no roof, raised on pylon, perfect symmetry * relief sculpture on outside * about life-size * altar on inside in middle * processions from east to west * depict real people - Augustus, Agrippa - south side * framed by mother Earth and Aeneas * North side framed by Roma (Rome) and Romulus and Remus * down below - acanthus plant - perfectly symmetrical * actual Roman citizens protrayed * men, women, and children * signifying fertility - shortage of people in Republican time from elites killing each other * Augustus was a model * similar to Parthenon frieze - model * Romans borrowing classical Greek style, not Hellenistic style * Mother Earth (Tellus) * animal, water, air, earth, framed by 2 figures * allusion to Parthenon

* **Maison Carree, Nimes, France** * 27 BC - 96 AD - Early Roman Empire * Nimes, France became Roman - installed Roman leaders, laws, architecture, temples, government buildings, entertainment, language, and measurements * one of the best preserved Roman temples * columns in the round in front, engaged on sides and back * corinthian order, elaborate floral frieze, very detailed * 6 columns in front that are corinthian

* **Pont du Gard, (aqueduct bridge)** * 27 BC - 96 AD - Early Roman Empire * **Aqueduct** - transports water from mountian spring to city to gradual downward slope * mostly underground except for rivers - supported by columns * aqueducts don't have columns - are practical and in countryside, not urban architecture

* **Porta Maggiore, Rome** * 41-68 BC - Claudius and Nero * aqueducts do not have columns - are practical and in countryside, not urban architecture * but once it's not used, it's decorated * uses rustication - not perfectly sized rocks

* **Domus Aurea (Golden House of Nero) Severus and Celer** * 41-68 AD - Claudius and Nero * Innovative * little rooms that came off sides were different shapes * octogonal room - large size * illuminated by oculus * groin vaults * light comes in over the dome of the octogon room * vault - haunch clerestory lighting * Nero's estate in Rome's Domus Aurea * took a lot of city space * Nero committed suicide - last in line - no successor * resulted in civil war * Vespasian won

* **Portrait of Vespasian (Titus Flavius Vespasianus)** * 69-96 AD - The Flavians * Vespasian wanted to erase any traces of Nero * drained lake in Nero's palace and built Colosseum * grand statement - generosity to public

* **The Colosseum** * 69-96 AD - The Flavians * amphitheature * very large building * called colosseum because it was built on site of colossal statue of Nero * many arches - 3 stories * columns on either side of arches * homage to Greek architecture * no structural importance/ support * uses Greek elements in a Roman way * outside made of stone * vaults go all the way in and around * fenestrated - having windows * vaults are important in Roman architecture

Egyptian - everything Flashcards

(148 cards)