EK Lecture 1 - Biological Molecules and Enzymes

Question 1

Hydrolysis Reaction

Answer 1

the breakdown of a macromolecule into two smaller molecules through the addition of water

Question 2

Dehydration Reaction

Answer 2

the creation of one large molecule from the combination of two smaller molecules with water as a byproduct

Question 3

3 roles of lipids

Answer 3

1. energy storage
2. cellular organization/strucgture (membranes especially)
3. precursor for vitamins and hormones

Question 4

molecules that are composed of long chains of carbons (usually even) truncated at one end by a carboxylic acid

Answer 4

Fatty Acids

Question 5

specialized cells whose cytoplasm contains almost nothing but triglycerides

Answer 5

adipocytes

Question 6

triacylglycerols, phospholipids, and glycolipids are sometimes referred to as

Answer 6

Fatty Acids

Question 7

lipids with a phosphate group attached

Answer 7

phospholipids

Question 8

a kind of lipid molecule formed from a glycerol backbone with a phosphate group replacing one of the fatty acids

Answer 8

phosphoglyceride

Question 9

molecule consisting of a glycerol backbone with three fatty acid chains attached

Answer 9

triacylglyerol (aka: tryglyceride or simply fats and oils)

Question 10

amphipathic molecule

Answer 10

molecule that has both a polar and non-polar end

Question 11

molecules containing one or more carbohydrate groups attached to a glycerol backbone

Answer 11

glycolipids

Question 12

molecules that have a long chain FA and a polar head group attached to a sphingosine backbone

Answer 12

sphingolipids

Question 13

a phospholipid molecule composed of a phophate group attached to a sphingosine backbone

Answer 13

sphingomyelin

Question 14

phospholipids, glycolipids, steroids, and sphingolipids make up what part of the cell?

Answer 14

The cell membrane

Question 15

four ringed structures that include some hormones and important membrane components

Answer 15

steroids

Question 16

a class of lipids that are often part of pigments in the body

Answer 16

terpenes

Question 17

molecules formed by an ester linkage between a long chain alcohol and long chain fatty acid

Answer 17

waxes

Question 18

a class of lipids containing 20 carbons that are released from cell membranes as local hormones for use in regulation of BP, body temperature, and smooth muscle contractions

Answer 18

eicosanoids

Question 19

a molecule containing a lipid core surrounded by phospholipids and apoproteins that are used in the transport of lipids in the blood

Answer 19

lipoproteins

Question 20

are lipids more or less dense than proteins of similar size?

Answer 20

less

Question 21

lipoproteins are more dense when the ration of protein to lipids is greater or smaller?

Answer 21

greater

Question 22

molecules that have carbon and water in a fixed 1-to-1 ratio

Answer 22

carbohydrates

Question 23

a branched glucose polymer containing alpha-1,4 linkages and alpha-1,6 branch points

Answer 23

glycogen

Question 24

glycogen is found in large amounts in what cell types?

Answer 24

liver and muscle cells

Question 25

molecule used for long-term storage of glucose in plant cells

Answer 25

starch

Question 26

what are the two forms of starch?

Answer 26

amylose (unbranched) and amylopectin (branched)

Question 27

what are the differences/similarities between glycogen and starch

Answer 27

glycogen and starch both have alpha-1,4 glycosidic linkages; however, glycogen is more extensively branched having branchpoints every 8-14 residues whereas startch contains branchpoints every 24-30 residues

Question 28

a glucose polymer molecule that is used as a structural material in plants and cannot be digested by humans

Answer 28

cellulose

Question 29

a glucose polymer composed of beta-1,4 linkages

Answer 29

cellulose

Question 30

what cell types are able to continue absorbing glucose in the absence of insulin?

Answer 30

brain and liver

Question 31

what are the three components that make up nucleotides

Answer 31

1. a pentose (5C) sugar 2. a nitrogenous base 3. phosphate group

Question 32

what kind of bonds are formed between the nitrogenous bases in nucleotides?

Answer 32

hydrogen bonds

Question 33

nucleotides are joined together into long strands by what kind of bonds?

Answer 33

phosphodiester bonds

Question 34

phosphodiester bonds are formed between what two groups on each nucleotide?

Answer 34

the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the third carbon of the pentose sugar on the next nucleotide

Question 35

3 major differences between DNA and RNA

Answer 35

1. C2 on the pentose sugar contains an -OH 2. RNA is almost always single stranded 3. RNA contains the pyrimidine Uracil

Question 36

3 examples of eicosanoids

Answer 36

1. prostaglandins 2. thromboxanes 3. leukotrienes