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Physiology--CNS: Art. & Vein system > EKG > Flashcards

EKG Flashcards

0
Q

EKG paper?

A

small box:
time = 0.04sec
distance = 1.0mm
voltage(y-axis) = 0.1mV

Big box:
time = 0.20sec
distance = 5mm
voltage (y-axis) = 0.5mV

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1
Q

EKG

A

record of the electrical potentials generated during the cardiac cycle plotted against time

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2
Q

Unipolar leads?

A

aVR
aVL
aVF

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3
Q

Bipolar leads?

A

DI
DII
DIII

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4
Q

Precordial leads?

A

V1 —> V6

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5
Q

Anterior leads

A

V2, V3, V4

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6
Q

Left Lateral leads

A

I
aVL
V5
V6

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7
Q

Inferior leads

A

II, III, aVF

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8
Q

A quick estimate of the axis can be made by looking at which two leads?

A

I

aVF

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9
Q

Normal axis vs. the three types of deviations?

A

Normal axis = I(+) & aVF(+)
Left axis deviation = I(+) & aVF(-)
Right axis deviation = I(-) & aVF(+)
Extreme right axis deviation = (-) & aVF(-)

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10
Q

Where are the 6 Precordial leads placed?

A 
V1: R. 4th space, R. of sternum
V2: L. 4th space, L. to sternum
V3: bw V2 & V4
V4: L. 5th space, Midclavicular line
V5: L. 5th space, Ant. Axillary line
V6: L. 5th space, Mid. Axillary line
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11
Q

Normal precordial leads show?

A

R-wave progressively gets larger

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12
Q

(-) Deflection

A

depolar. away from recorder

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13
Q

(+) Deflection

A

depolar. towards recorder

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14
Q

Biphasic deflection

A
  • recorder placed in middle
    1st) depolar toward recorder = (+) deflection
    2nd) depolar away recorder = (-) deflectoin
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15
Q

*Order of ventricle depolar. vectors?

A 
1st = septal vector
2nd = free wall LV
3rd = basal vector
16
Q

Mean Electric Axis?

A

summation of ventricular depolar. vectors

17
Q

Normal MEA?

A

Left Inf. Quadrant: 0-90 degrees
I (0)
II (60)
aVF(90)

18
Q

Determine MEA with which leads in QRS?

A

I(+)

aVF(+)

19
Q

*Sinus Tachycardia?

A

*Increased HR = HR>100beats/min
-due to Increased AP of SAN
normal P-wave, PR-I,
QRS = narrow
Rhythm = Regular

20
Q

*Atrial fibrilation?

A 
No P-wave
Different beats (R-R)
21
Q

*Ventricular fibrilation?

A

Random rhythm/completely chaotic
No HR
No clear p-waves, QRS, t-wave
Ventricular muscle: AP run into each other and cancel out

22
Q

*First degree AV Block

A

*PR-I = (>0.20sec) = constantly prolonged the same duration

23
Q

Wenchkebach (Mobitz I) AV Block?

A

HR = normal
p-wave: in Wenckebach (type I) their is dropped beats
p-waves that stand alone

*PR-I: progressively prolonged until a dropped beat
**the PR-I before dropped beat will be longer then the
one after
Rhythm: irregular

  • ID = p-wave w/out QRS following
    • prior p-wave = Most prolonged PR-I
    • after p-wave = Least prolonged PR-I
24
Q

Type II AV Block

A

HR = slow
*PR-I: constant w/ no changes
QRS: narrow (<0.12sec) and No R-wave after some p-waves
Rhythm: regular

**ID = p-wave w/ no QRS following
Prior PR-I: constant w/ no change
After PR-I: constant w/ no change

25
Q

Third Degree AV Block

A

HR = slow (less than 100)

  • p-wave: present & completely dissociated from QRS
    - equal distance bw each p-wave
    - one p-wave superimposed into QRS and alters S-wave

**ID: constant p-wave durations
one p-wave superimposed into QRS = altered S-wave

26
Q

Techniques to measure or determine Right Ventricular Hypertrophy?

A

V1->V4 = decreased (amplitude) R-wave & progressively get
smaller

*V1 = R-wave(>7mm) >> S-wave
V5,V6,V7 = S-wave > 7mm
RAD = RA depolar.
27
Q

Techniques used to measure or determine Left Ventricular Hypertrophy?

A

*2 (-)leads, 2(biphasic)leads, 2(+)leads

*V1(R-wave) + V5(R-wave) >> 35mm
V5(R-wave) > 25mm
aVF (R-wave) > 20mm
aVL (R-wave) > 11mm
DI(R-wave) + DIII(R-wave) > 25mm
28
Q

*3-Features about Acute Myocardial Infraction?

A 
Ischemia = ST-Seg. DEPRESSION
Acute MI ->
		ST-Seg. = ELEVATION
		T-wave = INVERSION
		Anoxic injury = depolar. myocytes
Necrosis->
		Q-wave = DEEP
29
Q

**Ischemia on EKG?

A 
ST-Seg = DEPRESSION
T-wave = INVERSION

*ischemia is reversible if BF is restored

30
Q

*Acute MI on EKG?

A

ST-Seg = ELEVATION

Anoxic injury = depolar. by myocytes close to epicardium

31
Q

*Necrosis on EKG?

A

Q-wave = DEEP

tiss. is electrically silent

32
Q

*Hypokalemia on EKG?

A 
ST-seg = Depression
*T-wave = decreased Amplitude (flattened out)
U-wave = increased H+

Cardiac arrhythmias

QRS = prolongation of time/duration
P-wave = increased Amplitude & increased duration
33
Q

*Hyperkalemia on EKG?

A

Increased [K+]e = 6-7mEq/L
-> earliest change: Peaking T-wave (High (A))

Greater Increase [K+] = 7-8mEq/L
-> Taller, Peaked (Greater (A)) T-wave w/ narrow
base

34
Q

*Hypercalcemia on EKG?

A 
*QT-In = DECREASED
T-wave = normal
ST-Seg = Decreased duration

Increased sensitivity to Digitalis
-may prevent arrhythemias

35
Q

*Hypocalcemia on EKG?

A 
*QT-In = Increased duration/Prolongation
ST-Seg = Increased duration/Prolongation
T-wave = normal

Physiology--CNS: Art. & Vein system (3 decks)

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